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图 1为磁光传感器工作原理。光源LED发出的光经起偏器变成线偏振光并通过磁光薄膜,经反射镜片反射再次通过磁光薄膜,这时反射镜片下方裂纹处的垂直磁场分量发生了变化[17],根据法拉第效应,线偏振光的偏振方向会发生一定角度的偏转,检偏器探测包含焊接裂纹信息的线偏振光的变化后被成像元件接收,形成裂纹磁光图像[18]。
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一个磁场可由其大小和方向表示,当两个磁场同时作用时,其合磁场符合矢量叠加的平行四边形法则。当两个交变磁场复合时,能形成圆形或椭圆形的旋转磁场[19]。这里只讨论圆形旋转磁场的情况。设两相磁场幅值相等的正弦交变磁场分别为H1与H2,且H1与H2的交叉角为α,其表达式[20]分别为:
$ {{H}_{1}}={{H}_{\text{m}}}\text{sin}(\omega t)~ $
(1) $ {{H}_{2}}={{H}_{\text{m}}}\text{sin}(\omega t-\varphi )~ $
(2) 式中,Hm为交变磁场的幅值,ωt为激磁电流的相位角,φ为两磁场的相位差。通过简单的合成计算,可得:
$ \begin{align} &{{\left[ \frac{{{H}_{x}}}{2{{H}_{\text{m}}}\text{sin}\left( \frac{\alpha }{2} \right)\text{sin}\left( \frac{\varphi }{2~} \right)} \right]}^{2}}+ \\ &{{\left[ \frac{{{H}_{y}}}{~2{{H}_{\text{m}}}\text{cos }\!\!~\!\!\text{ }\left( \frac{\alpha }{2} \right)\text{cos}~\left( \frac{\varphi }{2} \right)~} \right]}^{2}}=1 \\ \end{align} $
(3) 式中,Hx和Hy分别为水平方向和竖直方向上的磁场强度分量。
当cos(α/2)cos(φ/2)=sin(α/2)sin(φ/2),即α+φ=180°且φ=π/2时,两正弦交变磁场在O点相叠加形成的合磁场H1, 2如图 2所示。此时形成的合磁场为圆形旋转磁场,H1, 2随着相位角ωt的改变沿着圆形轨迹旋转,由交流电源频率为50Hz可知, 此旋转磁场20ms旋转1圈。
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在旋转磁场工频励磁实验中,磁光传感器采样频率为75Hz,即磁光传感器每13.3ms采集1帧磁光图。由图 3可知,在旋转磁场两个励磁周期(40ms)内,磁光传感器采集连续3帧动态磁光图像,图 3a、图 3b和图 3c为帧磁光图像,每一帧磁光图采集时励磁电压方向和大小都是不同的,形成的合磁场也会有变化,磁光图像的对比度也随之变化。
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如图 4所示,实验系统主要由YAG激光器、旋转磁场发生器、磁光传感器及计算机组成。图 5为焊件裂纹实物图。由于实际激光焊接实验中难以获得裂纹,所以本实验中利用YAG激光器焊接两块低碳钢板模拟裂纹,用两相交流电相位角和交叉角都为90°的旋转磁场发生器对图 5中的感兴趣区域进行励磁,由磁光传感器采集包含裂纹信息的动态磁光图,通过分析所获磁光图中第1帧磁光图的变化来研究旋转磁场工频激励下的成像规律。激光焊接工艺实验参量如表 1所示。低碳钢板参量为200mm×80mm×2mm;旋转磁场发生器励磁电压为150V,频率为50Hz,提离值为3mm;磁光传感器的采样频率为75Hz,图像大小为400pixel×400pixel。
Figure 4. Experimental setup of magneto-optical imaging of weldment under the excitation of rotating magnetic field
Table 1. Experimental parameters of laser welding process
defect
typewelding peak
power P/kWwelding speed
v/(mm·s-1)pulse width
S/mmgas flow
Q/(L·min-1)crack 1 2.5 6 15
旋转磁场激励下激光焊接裂纹磁光成像规律研究
Study on magneto-optical imaging law of laser welded crack under the excitation of rotating magnetic field
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摘要: 为了研究旋转磁场激励下焊接裂纹磁光成像规律,采用工频旋转磁场对焊接裂纹激励并由磁光传感器获取裂纹磁光图像的方法,进行了理论分析和实验验证,取得了工频旋转磁场不同励磁强度下的动态磁光图像。结合磁光成像原理和旋转磁场理论,对所获数据的灰度值进行了对比分析。结果表明,旋转磁场工频励磁下任意1帧磁光图随励磁时间的推移都会发生变化,并以初始3帧磁光图为一个循环周期依次向下一帧磁光图转换,经过885帧磁光图后回到初始状态。该规律的发现有利于减少有效励磁时间,提高焊接缺陷无损检测效果。Abstract: In order to study magneto-optical imaging (MOI) law of weld cracks under the excitation of rotating magnetic field, the method of using rotating magneto magnetic field to stimulate weld cracks and acquiring magneto-optical images of cracks by a magneto-optical sensor was used. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification were carried out. The dynamic magneto-optical images under different excitation intensities of rotating magnetic field were obtained. According to the principle of magneto-optical imaging and the theory of rotating magnetic field, the gray value of the obtained data was compared and analyzed. Experimental results show that, under the power frequency excitation of rotating magnetic field, any frame of magneto-optical images will change with the going of excitation time. Taking original three frames as a cycle, each frame of magneto-optical images converts to next frame magneto-optical image in turn. It returns to the initial state after 885 frames of magneto-optical images. The discovery of this law is beneficial to reduce the effective excitation time and improve the effect of non-destructive testing of weld defects.
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Key words:
- sensor technique /
- magneto-optical imaging /
- nondestructive testing /
- rotating magnetic field /
- crack
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Figure 7. Contrast of grayscale curves in the 200th column of each group
a—the 200th column of the 1st frame in group 1 and the 1st frame in group 7 b—the 200th column of the 2nd frame in group 1 and the 1st frame in group 3 c—the 200th column of the 3rd frame in group 1 and the 1st frame in group 5
Table 1. Experimental parameters of laser welding process
defect
typewelding peak
power P/kWwelding speed
v/(mm·s-1)pulse width
S/mmgas flow
Q/(L·min-1)crack 1 2.5 6 15 -
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