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Jan.  2018
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Parameter measurement of thermal effect of high-energy laser material based H-S wavefront sensor

  • Received Date: 2017-05-03
    Accepted Date: 2017-06-24
  • In order to measure thermal effect parameters of high-energy laser material on-line, a testing device with aperture of 50mm was specially designed. Collimating He-Ne laser was used as light source. The optical-path difference of testing beam after passing the material was measured by Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. According to wavefront aberration decomposition theory and wavefront transformation relationship, thermal effect parameters of high-energy laser material were gotten. Measurement uncertainty of the device was analyzed and evaluated. The system parameters which affected measurement uncertainty were calibrated. Finally, a comparative experiment of measurement uncertainty was designed and completed. The result shows that, the measurement uncertainty of system wavefront aberration is 0.06λ. The measurement uncertainty is 8.4% with thermal focal length of 30m~120m. The system can be applied to measure thermal effect parameters of high-energy laser material online.
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    BURNHAM D C. Simple measurement of thermal lensing effects in laser rods[J]. Applied Optics, 1970, 9(7):1727-1728. doi: 10.1364/AO.9.001727
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    OU Q F, FENG G Y, LIU D P, et al. Simulation and experimental study on thermal effects of Nd:YAG lasers[J]. Laser Technology, 2002, 26(1):15-16(in Chinese).
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    ZOU J, ZHAO Sh Zh, YANG K J, et al. Determining the thermal lens focus of LD end-pumped Nd:GdVO4 solid-state laser with CCD detecting method[J]. Laser Technology, 2006, 30(4):422-424(in Chinese).
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    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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Parameter measurement of thermal effect of high-energy laser material based H-S wavefront sensor

  • Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China

Abstract: In order to measure thermal effect parameters of high-energy laser material on-line, a testing device with aperture of 50mm was specially designed. Collimating He-Ne laser was used as light source. The optical-path difference of testing beam after passing the material was measured by Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor. According to wavefront aberration decomposition theory and wavefront transformation relationship, thermal effect parameters of high-energy laser material were gotten. Measurement uncertainty of the device was analyzed and evaluated. The system parameters which affected measurement uncertainty were calibrated. Finally, a comparative experiment of measurement uncertainty was designed and completed. The result shows that, the measurement uncertainty of system wavefront aberration is 0.06λ. The measurement uncertainty is 8.4% with thermal focal length of 30m~120m. The system can be applied to measure thermal effect parameters of high-energy laser material online.

引言
  • 固体激光器凭借其众多优点成为激光研究领域中一个重要研究方向,其中分支高能固体激光技术近年来发展迅速,已应用于军事、工业等领域。随着激光武器系统及工业技术的快速发展,对高能激光器提出了更高的要求,包括提高平均功率、改善出射光束质量以及提高整体效率等,其中最大障碍是固体激光材料的热效应。固体激光器热效应产生的根本原因是抽运过程中产生大量的废热[1-2],废热不能及时被带走,在激光介质中形成不均匀温度分布和热应力,进而产生热透镜效应、热致双折射效应等,严重影响激光器的性能[3-4]

    目前,国内外对固体激光器激光材料热效应的理论研究已做了较多的工作[5-11],相对较成熟,而对激光材料热效应的准确测量一直以来都是个工程难题。常用测量方法包括通过测量探测光经过抽运介质后焦点位置的移动来计算等效热焦距法[12-13]、利用谐振腔本征模特性测量热焦距法[14-15]及通过波前测量获得热焦距法[16-17]等,其中波前测量法能同时测量出热效应产生的等效焦距及波像差,可以更全面地了解热效应,是采用较多的方法。目前,工程人员较多地是将测量结果与理论进行比较或利用测量装置实测激光参量[18]来间接验证热效应参量结果的正确性,但对测量方法本身的测量不确定度的评估和验证还鲜有报道。

    本文中针对高能灯抽运钕玻璃固体激光器激光材料热效应参量的现场测试需求,设计了一套测量口径达∅50mm,热焦距测量范围达30m~120m,对环境振动不敏感、可用于在线测试的热效应参量测量装置,并对装置系统参量进行标定、对测量不确定度进行评估及实验验证。

1.   系统组成及原理
  • 设计的激光材料热效应参量测量装置如图 1所示。主要由准直波前发生器、分光镜、中继匹配系统、Hartmann-Shack(H-S)波前传感器等组成。准直波前发生器出射的准直平行光垂直通过待测激光材料,激光材料热效应将导致平行光产生波像差,利用镀有高损伤阈值分光膜的分光镜将激光与测试光分离开来。用H-S波前传感器测量探测光波前,由像差波前解算出曲率量,曲率量将代表激光材料等效焦距参量。由于波前传感器测量口径有限,需设计相应倍率的中继匹配系统来实现全口径测量,则经过中继匹配系统前后的曲率量将按系统倍率平方关系变换。由于装置探测波像差的核心装置H-S波前传感器具有计算速度快、对环境振动不敏感等优点,装置可较好地应用于现场在线测试。利用H-S波前传感器连续测量不同时间内波前,可得到从抽运开始至结束后一段时间内激光材料热效应参量的动态变化过程。

    Figure 1.  System configuration of measurement system of thermal effect in a solid-state laser rod

2.   系统的设计及实现
  • 要求准直波前发生器产生大于∅50mm的准直平行光,课题设计的准直波前发生器主要通过将单模He-Ne激光准直放大来获得准直波前,理论上放大倍率越大,出射波前就越接近标准平面波,但是过大的放大倍率会造成系统比较复杂,精度难以保证,因此选择采用二级放大的方式,每级放大10倍,并且要求扩束系统波前质量均方根值(root mean square, RMS)小于λ/30,λ为He-Ne激光波长。这样,经过二级扩束准直系统后的He-Ne激光光束被放大100倍,可以看成标准平面波面。

  • 分光镜的作用是将激光器输出高能量1055nm激光与633nm测试光分开,要求分光镜具有低膨胀系数,膜层激光损伤阈值高且透射波前较小。根据课题指标及现场测试要求,设计分光镜参量为:口径为∅100mm;材料为光学熔石英;膜层镀1055nm波长高反膜,膜层抗损伤阈值不小于300J/cm2;镀膜后透射波前峰谷值(peak-to-valley, PV)小于λ/10@633nm。

  • 中继匹配系统的作用是将大尺寸待测波前高保真的转换至小口径波前传感器测量面上,整个系统类似于开普勒望远系统,如图 2所示。物面为透镜L1的前焦面,透镜L1的焦距为f1,像面为透镜L2的后焦面,透镜L2的焦距为f2,从物面到像面的光线变换矩阵为:

    Figure 2.  Keplarian resizing telescope

    式中,M为系统放大率; riθi分别代表物面第i条光线与光轴的距离和角度; RiΘi分别代表第i条光线在像面位置与光轴的距离和角度。从变换矩阵可知,经过系统前后光线满足关系,Ri=MriΘi=θi/M,由此可知, 处在像面的波前只是物面波前按系统放大率放大的结果,只要控制系统的像差,便可实现主镜前焦面的波前将无畸变的变换至次镜后焦面上。

    课题组使用的H-S波前传感器参量为:微透镜阵列数44×33;测量口径6.19mm×4.75mm。要实现测量口径达到∅50mm的技术指标,设计中继匹配系统参量为:入瞳口径∅58mm;倍率11×;波像差λ/30(RMS)。具体设计结果如表 1所示。

    surface No. radius/mm thickness/mm aperture radius/mm glass
    1 275.4 7.2 30 H-K9L
    2 -179.47 6.0 30 ZF1
    3 -570.2 472.91 30 AIR
    4 28.18 1.5 6 ZF1
    5 12.942 3.1 6 H-K9L
    6 -41.30 0 6 AIR

    Table 1.  Structure data of Keplerian resizing telescope

  • 课题组使用如图 3所示校准装置对H-S波前传感器进行校准。校准方法为:准直光经反射镜后,用被校波前传感器测量。精密调节波前传感器使波前传感器在不去倾斜条件下,测量结果最小。控制电动旋转台使平面反射镜转动,经平面反射镜反射的准直光相对被校波前传感器为一倾斜波前,倾斜波前PV值、RMS值由光斑尺寸和倾斜角确定。由自准直仪测量出倾斜波前倾斜角,计算出倾斜波前PV值、RMS值标准值,将被校波前传感器测量值与标准值进行比对来完成校准。校准结果为,H-S波前传感器波前畸变RMS值扩展测量不确定度为30nm(k=2,k为包含因子)。

    Figure 3.  Calibration system of H-S wavefront sensor

  • 倍率标定实验装置如图 4所示。具有固定尺寸的物被准直光照明,用CCD相机接收物经中继匹配系统后的像,对接收像进行数字图像处理,获得精确的像尺寸,根据物像尺寸获得整个系统的倍率。实验时用游标卡尺作为物,调节游标卡尺读数为40mm,用CCD相机接收到的像如图 5所示。中继匹配系统倍率标定结果为10.99倍。

    Figure 4.  Experimental layout of magnification calibration of Keplerian resizing telescope

    Figure 5.  CCD camera image

3.   测量不确定度评定
  • 测量装置波前畸变测量不确定度主要来源包括准直光源波前畸变、中继匹配系统波前畸变及H-S波前传感器测量不确定度。H-S波前传感器已通过校准装置校准,则利用波前传感器直接测量准直光经中继匹配系统后波前畸变,结果将代表整个装置的波前畸变测量不确定度。由表 2所示的测量数据可知,测量装置波前畸变RMS值扩展测量不确定度为0.06λ(k=2)。

    test number RMS/λ PV/λ
    1 0.053 0.289
    2 0.054 0.275
    3 0.055 0.319
    4 0.057 0.311
    5 0.056 0.307
    6 0.058 0.337
    7 0.061 0.382
    8 0.054 0.325
    9 0.056 0.359
    10 0.057 0.266

    Table 2.  Structure data of Keplerian resizing telescope

  • 由装置测量原理可知,装置等效焦距测量不确定度来源主要包括以下三部分:波前传感器曲率测量误差引入测量不确定度,此项由装置波前畸变测量误差引起;中继匹配系统倍率标定引入的测量不确定度;测量重复性引入的测量不确定度。

  • 由3.1节中的分析可知,装置波前畸变测量不确定度为0.06λ,将其全部作为波前曲率项误差。当待测焦距为120m时,经中继匹配系统、波前传感器上对应曲率半径约为1m,波前RMS值变化0.06λ对应曲率半径变化85mm,由此引入的测量不确定度分量可评估为:

  • 游标卡尺分辨率为0.02mm,CCD采集图像边缘标定误差评估为3个像素,由此引入的测量不确定度分量可评估为:

  • 根据实际测量结果(120m焦距),由A类不确定度评定方法评定,测量重复性引入的测量不确定度评估为:

  • 各不确定度分量彼此无关,故合成标准测量不确定度为:

  • 扩展不确定度按下式计算:

    式中,U为扩展测量不确定度;k为包含因子,取k=2;uc为合成标准测量不确定度。

4.   系统测试结果
  • 测量装置研制完成后,需完成测量不确定度比对验证实验,课题设计了两套实验比对装置。用测量装置分别测量40m和60m标准长焦单透镜焦距,将测量结果与标准值比对,如图 6所示。利用长焦发生器产生120m长焦距,分别用泰伯-莫尔法长焦测焦仪和激光材料热效应测量装置测量同一焦距值,比对测量结果,如图 7所示。测量结果需满足比对公式:

    Figure 6.  Measurement of long focal-length lens

    Figure 7.  Measurement of the same long focal-length by the designed system and Talbot-Moiré effect

    式中,En为归一化偏差;F1F2分别为参与比对两个装置的测量结果;U1U2分别代表两个装置的扩展测量不确定度。

    比对实验结果如表 3所示。所有比对因子En都小于1,从而验证了测量不确定度评定的合理性。

    standard lens or results of long focal length measuring system testing results of designed system ${E_{\rm{n}}} = \left| {\frac{{{F_1}-{F_2}}}{{\sqrt {{U_1}^2 + {U_2}^2} }}} \right|$
    F1/m U1 F2/m U2
    38.86 1.01 38.24 0.97 0.44
    58.17 1.50 57.74 2.30 0.16
    125.4 3.3 118.3 9.9 0.68

    Table 3.  Results of comparative tests

  • 利用研制的测量装置对500J灯抽运钕玻璃固体激光器激光材料热效应进行了测试,抽运开始时刻记录为0时刻,连续记录抽运后一段时间内激光材料热焦距的变化情况。测试结果如图 8所示。横坐标t为时间,纵坐标f3为所测得激光材料的热焦距,由测量结果可知,被测激光器在触发50s后,热效应最严重,等效焦距最短,约为110m,8min后激光材料散热完成, 热焦距消失。

    Figure 8.  Measurement results of thermal focus length of 500J solid-state laser

5.   结论
  • 所设计的测量口径达50mm的激光材料热效应参量测试装置,具有测试速度快、测量范围宽、可测量特长热焦距、对环境不敏感等优点,通过实验验证,装置测量30m~120m焦距的扩展测量不确定度最大为8.4%。该系统为实现高能固体激光器激光材料热效应参量的在线、快速测试提供了有效的测量手段。

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