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前馈控制在高精度伺服系统中常用于提高系统的快速性。但由于其为开环控制, 在受负荷和工况等的影响时, 无法检验自身补偿的效果, 因此控制精度不高。而反馈调节则能够消除扰动给系统带来的影响, 具有较高的控制精度高[13-14]。因此前馈补偿PID将两者优点相结合, 能够在提高系统快速性的同时, 提高系统控制精度。前馈补偿PID控制器的结构如图 1所示。
图 1中, U(s)为系统输入信号, E(s)为系统误差信号, GFF(s)为前馈补偿算法传递函数, GPID(s)为PID控制器传递函数, G(s)为系统的开环传递函数。则前馈补偿PID系统的传递函数可由下式表示:
$ \frac{{Y(s)}}{{U(s)}} = \frac{{{G_{{\rm{FF}}}}(s)G(s) + {G_{{\rm{PID}}}}(s)G(s)}}{{1 + {G_{{\rm{PID}}}}(s)G(s)}} $
(1) 对(1)式进行整理, 则系统误差E(s)对输入U(s)的传递函数可由下式表示:
$ \frac{{E(s)}}{{U(s)}} = \frac{{1 - {G_{{\rm{FF}}}}(s)G(s)}}{{1 + {G_{{\rm{PID}}}}(s)G(s)}} $
(2) 从(2)式可以看出, 当1-GPID(s)G(s)=0, 即GFF(s)=1/G(s)时, 可使得系统的误差为零。在实际的系统中, 系统误差虽无法完全消除, 但可以将其降低至可接受的范围, 从而在获得更好动态特性的前提下, 仍具有较高的控制精度。
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高性能FPB系统由于对调节时间及稳态误差有更高的要求, 因此出现多种新型控制器结构及实现方式[15-21], 但其复杂程度与计算量和传统PID调节器相比大大增加。该系统为了满足较宽的工作温度而采用工业级的数字信号处理器(digital signal processor, DSP)作为主控芯片, 并降频30%使用。其运算能力与目前市面主流商业级DSP相比较为有限。因此直接采用算法复杂程度较高的控制器时, 实时性难以保证。为此本文中设计了基于前馈补偿PID算法及抗积分饱和算法的复合PID控制器, 在算法复杂程度及计算实时性不显著增加前提下, 有效的FPB减小调节时间及稳态误差。其结构如图 2所示。
图 2中, u(k)为被控对象期望值(即FPB目标指向角度), Ycom(k)为系统控制器输出值, 受控对象为FPB的音圈电机所驱动的反射镜, Yout(k)为反射镜实际指向角度, r(k)为角度测量机构的输出值, kp, ki及kd分别为PID调节器中比例、积分及微分项的系数; 前馈补偿部分主要由微分项及比例项组成, kFF, i为前馈部分微分通道系数, kFF, p为前馈部分比例通道系数。当u(k)发生变化时, 前馈算法根据期望值计算出补偿值uFF(k), 进而对受控对象开环控制。同时PID算法根据u(k)与Yout(k)产生的偏差e(k)计算输出值Ycom(k), 从而实现闭环控制; 在受控对象向期望值运动过程中不断检测是否超出设定阈值范围, 如果超出该阈值范围, 则调整PID控制器的积分项, 防止积分饱和。整个复合PID控制器可由下式表示:
$ \begin{array}{l} \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;{Y_{{\rm{com}}}}(k) = \\ \left\{ \begin{array}{l} {k_{\rm{p}}}e(k) + {V_{\rm{i}}}(k) + {k_{\rm{d}}}[e(k) - e(k - 1)] + \\ \;\;\;{u_{{\rm{FF}}}}(k), ({U_{\max }} \le {Y_{{\rm{out}}}}(k) \le {U_{\min }})\\ {k_{\rm{p}}}e(k) + {V_{\rm{i}}}(k - 1) + {k_{\rm{d}}}[e(k) - e(k - 1)] + \\ \;\;\;{u_{{\rm{FF}}}}(k), ({Y_{{\rm{out}}}}(k) \ge {U_{\max }}\;{\rm{or}}\;{Y_{{\rm{out}}}}(k) \le {U_{\min }}) \end{array} \right. \end{array} $
(3) 式中, Vi为PID算法积分项输出值, 离散计算公式为:
$ {V_{\rm{i}}}(k) = {K_{\rm{i}}}\sum {e(k)} $
(4) 复合PID控制器流程图如图 3所示。
由上述图 3中流程可知, 前馈复合PID控制器所增加的前馈环节及防积分饱和项的计算过程无需迭代等计算量较大的过程, 因此其在计算能力受限平台上运行的实时性可得到有效保证。
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精密光束指向系统的测试环境如图 4所示。该系统采用音圈电机(voice coil actuator, VCA)作为执行机构, 柔性铰链为镜面枢转元件。每轴采用两只电机推挽式配置以提高出力, 通过内部2维角度传感器反馈镜面实时转角, 并通过系统内部闭环控制, 完成镜面的高速精密指向控制。在本系统中, 系统主控芯片为TI公司TMS320F2812P, 降频至100MHz运行。x轴及y轴的复合PID控制器输出值分别通过14bit D/A数模转换器转为两路模拟电压信号, 并经电流放大后, 驱动音圈电机实现位置闭环控制。
实验中通过分别对该系统使用传统PID控制器及复合PID控制器时的阶跃响应及稳定指向进行测试, 从而在相同条件下, 对两种控制器的性能进行对比分析。由于系统运动部分为中心对称结构, 因此只对水平轴方向进行测试, 镜面偏转角度由自研非接触式角度传感器测量, 其分辨率为0.05″, 重复定位精度不大于0.5″, 采样频率为10kHz, 并在气浮光学平台上通过自准直仪进行校准。自准直仪型号为Acobeam AC300, 测角范围为±1200″, 分辨率为0.03″, 可满足对内部角度传感器校准的需求。角度采样值存储于主控芯片的内部存储空间, 采样深度为2048点。当存储空间满时, 通过程序中设置的断点停止采集, 并通过JTAG仿真器读取并存储为CSV文件, 通过Excel进行显示, 从而对FBP系统的特性进行比较测试。
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分别对使用传统PID控制器和复合PID控制器的精密光束指向系统输入1500″的阶跃信号, 以测试两者的瞬态性能。系统内部测角系统输出的阶跃响应分别如图 5a及图 5b所示。
将图 5中两种控制算法测试的系统阶跃响应数据中上升时间、最大超调量、允许误差带宽宽度以及系统的调整时间数据整理为表 1, 其中调节时间为系统超调量小于目标设定值的1.5%时所需时间。
Table 1. Parameters of step-response performance by using traditional & composite PID controller
transient
performancetraditional
PID controllercomposite
PID controllerratio rising time 1.6ms 2.2ms 138% overshoot 12.7% 1.8% 14% setup time 7ms 6.2ms 89% 由表 1可知, 与采用传统PID控制器的系统相比, 使用复合PID控制器的系统的上升时间较长, 但其调整时间仅为前者的89%, 且超调量仅为前者的14%, 因此具有更好瞬态响应性能及更小的超调量, 从而解决了超调量与瞬态响应之间的矛盾。
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向精密光束指向系统输入幅值为400″的阶跃信号, 对系统达到目标值后稳定情况进行测试, 测试结果如图 6所示。
图 6为系统反射镜偏转角度随采样点数变化曲线, 采样频率为10kHz。图 6a为采样复合PID控制器时的结果, 图 6b为采用传统PID控制器时的结果, 将两图中的数据整理为表 2。由表 2中可以看出, 与采用传统PID控制器的系统相比, 采用复合PID控制器的系统波动的峰峰值及稳态误差分别将为原系统的71.1%及73.3%, 从而可证明复合PID控制器的稳态性能优于传统PID控制器。
Table 2. Parameters of steady performance by using traditional & composite PID controller
steady
performancetraditional PID
controller/(″)composite PID
controller/(″)ratio/% steady
state errorpeak-peak value 4.5 3.2 71.1 root mean square 0.75 0.55 73.3
应用于精密光束指向系统的复合PID控制器研究
Research on composite PID controller used in fine pointer of beam
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摘要: 为了解决传统比例-微分-积分(PID)控制器在精密光束指向系统(FPB)应用中存在的控制精度与超调量之间的矛盾,并使其可在现有控制系统硬件平台中应用,设计了一种数字复合PID控制器。该控制器采用了传统PID、前馈补偿以及抗积分饱和算法三部分综合而成,在控制器复杂性和处理时间不显著增加的前提下,缩短了调节时间及过冲,改善FPB系统的指向精度及动态特性;对该控制器的结构进行了分析,并与采用传统PID控制器的FPB进行了对比试验。结果表明,在相同的实验条件下,采用复合PID控制器的FPB系统与采用传统PID控制器的FPB系统相比,调整时间缩短了约11.4%,最大超调量从12.7%降至1.8%。在现有计算能力受限的控制系统平台上,可实现FPB系统性能的有效提升。Abstract: In order to solve the contradiction between control precision and overshoot in the application of traditional proportional-integration-differential (PID) controller in fine pointer of beam (FPB), and make it applicable to the hardware platform of the existing control system, one composite PID controller was designed. The controller was composed of traditional PID, feed forward compensation and anti-integral saturation algorithm. Without increasing the complexity and the processing time of the controller significantly, the composite controller shortened adjustment time and overshoot, and improved pointing accuracy and dynamic characteristics of FPB system. The structure of the composite controller was analyzed and was compared with traditional PID controller of FPB. The results show that, under the same experimental conditions, the adjusting time of FPB system with composite PID controller is shortened by 11.4% and the maximum overshoot is reduced from 12.7% to 1.8% compared with FPB system with traditional PID controller. In the existing control system platform with limited computing power, the performance of FPB system can be effectively improved by using composite PID controller.
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Table 1. Parameters of step-response performance by using traditional & composite PID controller
transient
performancetraditional
PID controllercomposite
PID controllerratio rising time 1.6ms 2.2ms 138% overshoot 12.7% 1.8% 14% setup time 7ms 6.2ms 89% Table 2. Parameters of steady performance by using traditional & composite PID controller
steady
performancetraditional PID
controller/(″)composite PID
controller/(″)ratio/% steady
state errorpeak-peak value 4.5 3.2 71.1 root mean square 0.75 0.55 73.3 -
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