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Measurement method for surface topography based on quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry

  • Corresponding author: NIE Lei, leinie@hbut.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 2023-09-11
    Accepted Date: 2023-12-08
  • In order to solve the problems of high processing difficulty and limited spectral application range of specific spectra device in traditional quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry system, dividing incident light beam into four beams of lateral shearing coherent wavelets was proposed by using a spatial light modulator instead of a spectro grating. The diffraction efficiency of wavelets was adjusted flexibly by adjusting the refractive index of grating to adapt to the illumination light source, and the optical path difference distribution reflecting the height information and refractive index of the sample was reconstructed according to the interference effect between two wavelets, so as to realize accurate measurement of surface topography in a wide spectral and large dimensions range. In this study, the effect of incident light wavelength on the reconstruction accuracy of optical path difference was investigated by combining the Fourier transform method, and a wide spectrum quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry system from the visible to near infrared was built using a spatial light modulator. The results show that the system measured the etching depth of a standard quartz sample at 209.39 nm±1.72 nm, which is basically consistent with its nominal value of 210.83 nm±2.39 nm and the measurement value of 212.92 nm±1.35 nm by white light interferometer, which verifies the effectiveness of the surface topography measurement method proposed. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the extended application of quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry in the field of surface topography measurement.
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Measurement method for surface topography based on quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry

    Corresponding author: NIE Lei, leinie@hbut.edu.cn
  • 1. Key Laboratory of Modern Manufacture Quality Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
  • 2. Xiangyang Industrial Institute of Hubei University of Technonogy, Xiangyang 441100, China

Abstract: In order to solve the problems of high processing difficulty and limited spectral application range of specific spectra device in traditional quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry system, dividing incident light beam into four beams of lateral shearing coherent wavelets was proposed by using a spatial light modulator instead of a spectro grating. The diffraction efficiency of wavelets was adjusted flexibly by adjusting the refractive index of grating to adapt to the illumination light source, and the optical path difference distribution reflecting the height information and refractive index of the sample was reconstructed according to the interference effect between two wavelets, so as to realize accurate measurement of surface topography in a wide spectral and large dimensions range. In this study, the effect of incident light wavelength on the reconstruction accuracy of optical path difference was investigated by combining the Fourier transform method, and a wide spectrum quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry system from the visible to near infrared was built using a spatial light modulator. The results show that the system measured the etching depth of a standard quartz sample at 209.39 nm±1.72 nm, which is basically consistent with its nominal value of 210.83 nm±2.39 nm and the measurement value of 212.92 nm±1.35 nm by white light interferometer, which verifies the effectiveness of the surface topography measurement method proposed. This study can provide a theoretical reference for the extended application of quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry in the field of surface topography measurement.

0.   引言
  • 随着光电元器件和集成电路等微纳结构的制造工艺不断突破,迫切需要高性能的测量设备来满足日益增长的高精度表面形貌测量需求[1-2]。目前,表面形貌测量法主要分为机械探针式测量法[3]、扫描探针显微镜[4]和干涉显微测量法[5]3种。机械探针式测量法精度高,但费时且易损伤被测表面;扫描探针显微镜纵向和横向分辨率均达到纳米量级,但测量范围窄且操作复杂;与上述测量方式相比,干涉显微测量法具有操作简易和无接触等优势,其纵向分辨率可达纳米级,横向分辨率和测量范围取决于相机像元尺寸和像元数。常用的干涉显微测量法包括四波横向剪切干涉[6-8](quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry,QLSI)、数字全息[9]和衍射相位成像[10]等方法。其中,四波横向剪切干涉法因存在鲁棒、消色差和瞬态测量等优势[11],目前在表面形貌测量领域具有更为广泛的应用前景。

    QLSI的基本原理是利用波前分光器件[12]将携带待测结构表面形貌信息的入射光分成4束横向剪切相干子波,通过分析子波两两干涉结果并结合波前重构算法[13-14],即可重建出反映样品折射率和高度信息的光程差分布,进而得出待测样品的表面形貌信息。其中,波前分光器件是实现四波横向剪切干涉的核心部件,许多学者对此展开了诸多研究,例如PRIOMT等人[15]提出了一种基于改进哈特曼掩模板(modified Hartmann mask,MHM)的四波横向剪切干涉仪,采用MHM作为波前分光器件,实现了对生物样品的定量相位测量,但MHM需要保证相位光栅每个周期单元与掩模板4个周期单元高精度对准;LING等人[16]在此基础上提出了一种可用于四波横向剪切干涉波前检测的随机编码混合光栅,根据光通量约束的随机编码法设计了由相位光栅和振幅编码光栅组成的随机编码混合光栅(random encoded hybrid grating,REHG),能实现任意畸变的波前检测,但REHG加工难度大,且同样存在对准难题;FANG[17]设计了基于棋盘型相位光栅的横向剪切干涉仪,准确测量了干涉仪标准镜头的透射波前,但该方案光路系统复杂,需要小孔光阑和光栅配合分光。上述波前分光器件加工过程中的对准误差等因素会降低子波的衍射效能,从而导致干涉条纹信噪比下降,最终影响表面形貌测量。再者,目前的QLSI在系统搭建时使用的分光器件均是定制分光光栅,其刻蚀深度是针对特定波长和正入射情况下设计的,当入射光波长脱离特定范围以内时,测量精度明显降低[18]。总的来说,采用定制分光光栅存在加工难度大且光谱的适用范围很窄等局限性。

    为此,本文作者提出了一种基于空间光调制器(spatial light modulator,SLM)的四波横向剪切干涉表面形貌测量方法,采用SLM加载占空比为1/2的棋盘型相位光栅作为QLSI的波前分光器件,相比于传统的分光光栅,通过SLM加载的光栅能在不改变各光路元器件位置的情况下灵活调整光栅折射率来保证子波衍射效率始终取得最高值,使得QLSI测量精度不受照明光源波段的影响,同时也可避免光栅加工误差对测量结果的影响。

1.   基本原理
  • 本文中提出适用于宽光谱的四波横向剪切干涉表面形貌测量系统的光路如图 1所示。图中,参数α为入射光和SLM法线的夹角,为了达到SLM最佳相位调制效果,α一般小于10°[19]f1f2是双凸透锐L1、L2的焦距。将传统的2维相位光栅替换为反射式液晶空间光调制器。准直后的发光二极管(light-emitting diode,LED)出射的平行光透过被测件后,先经过物镜和管镜(tube lens,TL)组成的显微成像系统放大,再经孔径光阑(iris diaphragm,ID)和偏振片P形成完全的线偏振光入射至SLM的工作区域中,然后通过SLM调制的棋盘型相位光栅分光后,得到4束包含大部分能量的1级衍射光,最后采用双凸透镜L1和双凸透镜L2组成的中继透镜组将4束1级衍射光中继到相机的互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor,CMOS)上,即图像传感器,由CMOS采集四波横向剪切干涉图像。被测件为表面刻有凹槽的石英样品,光源经准直后出射的理想平面波透过石英样品,携带石英样品的光程差(optical path difference, OPD)为:

    式中:n1为石英样品折射率;n0为空气折射率;h为石英样品表面的相对高度,根据h即可解算待测物体的表面形貌信息。因此,从四波横向剪切干涉图中解调出OPD后,根据式(1)即可获得待测物体的表面形貌信息。

    通过图 1所示的测量光路,得到1幅包含待测样品表面形貌信息的干涉图后,仅考虑包含入射光绝大部分能量的0级光和1级光的情况下,载频干涉图的光强分布可表示为:

    Figure 1.  Schematic diagram of a surface topography measurement system based on quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry

    式中:I0为入射光光强;f0为引入的线性载频;k为波数;Wx(x, y)和Wy(x, y)为OPD在xy方向的差分;s为剪切量。

    对式(2)进行傅里叶变换(Fourier transform, FT)后,采用滤波窗函数滤出x方向的1级频谱:

    式中:(fx, fy)为频域坐标,则OPD在x方向的差分为:

    式中:FT(·)和FT-1(·)为2维傅里叶变换和逆变换操作;Im(·)为求虚部运算;Re(·)为求实部运算。在提取OPD在x方向的差分后,采用相同方法提取OPD在y方向的差分,再基于最小二乘的傅里叶变换法[20]重建ΔlOPD,其表达式如下:

    式中:i为虚数单位。此时,根据式(1)即可求得样品的表面形貌信息。然而,OPD的重建精度受到0级光和1级光衍射效率的影响,当0级光的衍射效率过大时,0级光会与1级光发生干涉,在进行频域滤波时,式(3)中除了提取到所需要的x方向1级频谱之外,还会提取到少部分0级频谱及其干扰项,导致OPD在x方向的差分提取产生误差。由于采用SLM加载棋盘型相位光栅作为波前分光器件,其分光原理可以以棋盘型相位光栅为例进行理论推导,设棋盘型相位光栅周期为2T,相邻光栅单元之间的相位差为φ,则该光栅透过函数[21]可表示为:

    式中:(x, y)为空间域坐标;rect(·)表示矩形函数;δ(·)表示狄拉克函数;mxmyxy方向的衍射级次;*表示卷积运算。对式(6)进行傅里叶变换,即可得到棋盘型相位光栅的复振幅分布:

    式中:sinc(·)为归一化sinc函数,即sinc(x)=sin(πx)/πx。由式(7)易知,当mxmy为偶数时,sinc(·)=0,即偶级次的复振幅为0,棋盘型相位光栅的衍射光场中消除了偶级次。将mx=my=0代入式(7)后,求得0级衍射光的相对衍射效率:

    mxmy为±1时,求得4束1级衍射光的相对衍射效率:

    由式(8)可知,0级光的相对衍射效率与相位差φ呈周期为2π的余弦变化,在φ=0、φ=2π时取得极大值100%,在φ=π时取得极小值0。由式(9)可知,1级衍射光的相对衍射效率与相位差φ仍然呈周期为2π的余弦变化,且变化趋势与0级光相反,在φ=0、φ=2π时取得极小值0,在φ=π时取得极大值65.72%。如图 2所示,分别是φ取0.4π、0.6π、0.8π、π时,各级频谱的归一化强度分布,红色实线框内是x方向+1级频谱,窗口半径通常取图像的1/6[22],黄色虚线框是0级光与1级光发生干涉产生的干扰频谱。从图 2中可以看出,当φ=π时,即0级光的相对衍射效率取得极小值,干扰频谱的影响最小。相位光栅相邻单元的相位差φ的表达式为:

    Figure 2.  Normalised intensity distributions for the first-order spectrum and interference spectrum

    式中:λ为入射光的波长;n2为相位光栅的折射率;d为刻蚀深度。传统的棋盘型相位光栅的折射率和刻蚀深度固定,而当入射光波长与刻蚀深度不匹配时,1级衍射光的衍射效率降低,OPD的重建结果将会受到干扰频谱的影响。

2.   仿真验证
  • 以peaks函数作为待测OPD输入,设定如下仿真参数来定量分析入射波长对OPD重建精度的影响:(a)光场。通光孔径形状为方形,空气折射率n0=1,入射peaks函数的振幅分布如图 3a所示;(b)探测器。像元尺寸为6 μm;采样点数为504×504,探测器取得的干涉图如图 3b所示;(c)棋盘型相位光栅。周期T=18 μm,刻蚀深度d=550 nm,相位光栅的折射率n2=1.5。

    Figure 3.  Simulated wavefront of light field and corresponding quadriwave lateral shearing interferogram

    peaks函数重建OPD与理论OPD残差的均方根值(root mean square, RMS)随入射光波长λ的变化如图 4所示。当入射波长λ在417 nm~807 nm之间时,RMS小于0.84 nm,OPD重建精度受影响程度较小,几乎可以忽略;当λ=413 nm时,RMS为10.31 nm,此时重建精度已经受到较大影响。因此,采用刻蚀深度为550 nm的棋盘型相位光栅作为QLSI的分光器件,光源的波长会限制在固定波段417 nm~807 nm以内,当波长在这个范围之外时,重建精度严重下降。而采用SLM调制生成的棋盘型相位光栅可以在光路结构不发生改变的情况下调整光栅折射率n2的大小,针对不同波长的光源条件,利用SLM的可编程性调制光栅的n2,满足(n2-n0)d/λ=1/2,即φ=π。此时无论波长如何改变,OPD重建精度均能达到最高。因此采用SLM作为分光器件比起传统相位光栅能够适应更宽的光谱。

    Figure 4.  RMS plot of the reconstructed OPD of the peaks function against the theoretical OPD residuals as a function of the incident light wavelength λ

3.   实验结果与分析
  • 为验证基于SLM的四波横向剪切干涉表面形貌测量方法的可行性与有效性,根据图 1所示系统示意图搭建了如图 5所示的基于SLM的四波横向剪切干涉实验装置。采用的光源为暖白光LED照明套件(WFA1010,THORLABS),该套件内自带预先对准的准直透镜;显微成像系统由20倍物镜(MXPLFLN-BD,OLYMPUS)和焦距为200 mm的管镜(TTL200MP,THORLABS)组成;ID为孔径光阑,用来调整入射光的光斑大小,避免入射光照射在SLM非工作面上直接反射形成0级光;偏振片P用来调整入射光的偏振态,避免因入射光线偏方向与液晶分子的不平行而产生的0级光干扰;采用的SLM为反射式纯相位空间光调制器(HDSLM80R,UPOLabs),填充率为95%,像素大小为8 μm,其调制生成的棋盘光栅周期T设置为64 μm;采用的CMOS相机像元大小为5.86 μm×5.86 μm;L1为焦距f1=50 mm的双凸透镜,L2为焦距f2=30 mm的双凸透镜,L1和L2组成的中继透镜组除了用来中继成像以外,还具有缩束的作用,将干涉图每条纹周期控制在6个像素左右,保证了CMOS像素的有效利用。

    Figure 5.  Experimental setup diagram of quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry based on SLM

    为了获取待测样品的表面形貌和刻蚀深度信息,采用图 5所示的实验装置对待测样品的取样区进行测量,相机收集的干涉图如图 6所示。由于在测量的过程中显微系统及透镜引入的像差、光学系统上的灰尘、光束的不均匀性等静态波前缺陷,对测量结果具有一定的影响。为消除这些干扰,在待测样品的表面平整无刻蚀处另取一幅同样大小的背景光干涉图。

    Figure 6.  Interferogram acquired by CMOS camera

    对样品干涉图进行傅里叶变换后,然后采用滤波窗函数将x方向和y方向的+1级频谱提取出来,如图 7a图 7b所示。根据式(4)即可算出x方向和y方向的差分相位。再采用相同的方式算出背景光干涉图的x方向和y方向差分相位,最后将两幅干涉图相同方向的差分相位相减即可得到消除静态波前缺陷影响的差f分相位,如图 7c图 7d所示。

    Figure 7.  Differential phase extraction process

    在可见光波段石英玻璃的折射率n1=1.45990,空气的折射率n0=1.00028,结合式(1)和式(5)计算得出石英样品的表面形貌信息,如图 8a所示。为进一步获得样品的刻蚀深度信息,沿图 8a的红线剖开,得到的刻蚀深度分布如图 8b所示。该样品表面刻蚀深度的平均值为294.24 nm,底部凹槽刻蚀深度的平均值为84.85 nm,该样品的平均刻蚀深度为209.39 nm。为验证测量结果的准确性,在保持实验光路结构不变的情况下,重复开展50次实验,得到的重复性结果为209.39 nm±1.72 nm,因此,本实验中搭建的QLSI系统测量过程较稳定。

    Figure 8.  Surface topography reconstruction results of quartz sample

    为验证本文中所提方法测量石英表面刻蚀深度的准确性,采用白光干涉仪(ER230,ATOMETRICS)对同一样品的刻蚀深度进行测量,测得的石英样品刻蚀深度为212.92 nm±1.35 nm。如表 1所示,该石英样品的标称刻蚀深度为210.83 nm±2.39 nm,因此本文中提出的方法测量石英样品刻蚀深度的相对误差为0.68%,白光干涉法测得的相对误差为0.99%,两种方法的测量结果均与样品标称值吻合,表明本文中提出的方法能成功地探测纳米级样品的表面形貌,且具有较高的精度。其次,基于逐层扫描为原理的白光干涉仪一次测量时需要提取多幅干涉图,当阈值设定为400张时,其测量时间(包括成像时间和图像呈现时间)为23.53 s,而QLSI只需要两幅干涉图即可完成表面形貌测量,其测量时间(包括成像和图像呈现时间)小于1 s,远小于白光干涉仪测量所用时间。图 8表 1中石英样品表面刻蚀深度即为相对高度h

    method type h/nm relative error/% measuring time/s
    nominal values 210.83±2.39
    white light interferometry 212.92±1.35 0.99 23.53
    proposed method 209.39±1.72 0.68 < 1

    Table 1.  Etching depth and relative error of quartz sample measured by the method of this paper and white light interferometry

    此外,将图 5所示实验装置的显微成像系统从透射式改为反射式照明,再对标称值为200 nm台阶高度的硅晶圆样品开展了测量实验研究,在LED照明下获取的3维形貌提取结果和y方向的高度剖线,如图 9a图 9b所示。表 2所示为QLSI与白光干涉法分别开展50次重复性实验得到的台阶高度测量结果。前者对应的重复性结果为201.95 nm±1.19 nm,与标称值的相对误差为0.98%,白光干涉法对应的相对误差为0.82%。从表 2可以看出,上述两种方法得出的测量结果与样品标称值基本吻合,QLSI方法利用反射式测量时仍然具有较高的测量精度,进而在很大程度上验证了本文中所提表面形貌测量方法的有效性和可靠性。图 9表 2中硅晶圆样品表面高度即为相对高度h

    Figure 9.  Surface topography reconstruction results of silicon wafer sample

    method type h/nm relative error/% measuring time/s
    nominal values 200
    white light interferometry 201.63±1.05 0.82 21.63
    proposed method 201.95±1.19 0.98 < 1

    Table 2.  Height and relative error of silicon wafer sample measured by the method of this paper and white light interferometry

4.   结论
  • 提出了一种基于SLM的四波横向剪切干涉表面形貌测量方法,旨在解决传统QLSI中分光光栅存在的加工难度高、光谱适用范围受限等问题。利用SLM的可编程特性加载相位差恒为π的棋盘型相位光栅作为波前分光器件,以获取四波横向剪切干涉图,然后采用傅里叶变换法从干涉条纹中解调出OPD,结合样品折射率分布以实现石英样品表面形貌测量。建立四波横向剪切干涉仿真模型,分析了重建OPD与理论OPD残差的RMS随入射光波长的变化,验证了本文中所提方法的科学性和适用性。搭建基于SLM的四波横向剪切干涉测量系统分别对石英和硅晶圆的表面形貌进行测量,并将测量结果与白光干涉仪的结果对比。本文中的方法与白光干涉仪测量结果的相对误差均小于1%,在样品标称尺寸允许的误差范围以内,验证了本文中方法对不同类型样品的表面形貌测量的有效性和可靠性。

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