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Research on dual-parameter characteristics of composite interference fiber sensor based on cascade FPI-MZI

  • Corresponding author: ZHANG Xiongxing, 605703946@qq.com
  • Received Date: 2021-09-08
    Accepted Date: 2021-11-04
  • In order to achieve the simultaneous measurement and sensing detection of temperature and solution mass fraction in the industrial production process, a new dual-parameter sensor, which was composed of Fabry-Perot interference (FPI) and Mach-Zehnder interference (MZI) cascading interference structure was proposed. This new type of dual-parameter sensor cascade structure was composed of a single mode fiber (SMF) and a hollow core fiber (HCF) fused together. A method of simultaneously measuring the characteristic wavelength shift of the FPI reflection spectrum and the MZI transmission spectrum was adopted, and then the sensitivity difference between FPI and MZI to temperature and refractive index was obtained. The measurement of dual parameters of the sensor was realized by establishing the sensor temperature-mass fraction sensitivity matrix. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of FPI is 10pm/℃ in the temperature range of 40℃~150℃, while MZI is not sensitive to temperature. In the range of mass fraction 0.05~0.40, FPI is not sensitive to refractive index, while the sensitivity of MZI mass fraction is 232.3nm/RIU. The temperature and solution mass fraction can be measured by using this sensor. The study provides a reference for the dynamic measurement of dual-parameter in the processing industries such as petroleum, chemical, electricity, steel, and machinery.
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    FU G W, LI Y P, LI Q F, et al. Temperature insensitive vector bending sensor based on asymmetrical cascading SMF-PCF-SMF structure[J]. IEEE Photonics Journal, 2017, 9(3): 7103114.
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    HE W, FANG Y T, ZHU L Q, et al. Optical fiber interference sensor based on fiber ending micro-groove fabricated by femtosecond laser[J]. Optik, 2018, 158: 1295-1301. doi: 10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.01.014
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    COSTA G K B, GOUVÊA P M P, SOARES L M B, et al. In-fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer for strain and magnetic field sensing[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(13): 14690-14696. doi: 10.1364/OE.24.014690
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    TAN C Y, HUANG Y X. Dependence of refractive index on mass fraction and temperature in electrolyte solution, polar solution, nonpolar solution, and protein solution[J]. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 2015, 60(10): 2827-2833.
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    GAO X D, PENG J K, LV D J, et al. Optical fiber temperature sensor based on Fabry-Perot coating interference[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2018, 47 (1): 0122002 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3788/IRLA201847.0122002
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    LIU Ch, WANG Sh, LIANG Y J, et al. Design and preliminary experiment of optical fiber F-P pressure sensing system working in wind tunnel[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2018, 47(7): 0722002 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3788/IRLA201847.0722002
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    LIU Y, QU Sh L. Optical fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer cavity fabricated by femtosecond laser-induced water breakdown for refractive index sensing[J]. Applied Optics, 2014, 53(3): 469-474. doi: 10.1364/AO.53.000469
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    KAI B X, YANG Ch, BIAN H M, et al. Humidity influence on embedded fiber Bragg grating strain sensors[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2018, 47 (s1): S122007 (in Chinese).
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    BIAN J Ch, LANG T T, YU W J, et al. Study of fiber sensor for the simultaneous measurement of temperature and strain based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer[J]. Journal of Optoelectronics·Laser, 2015, 26 (11): 2169 -2174 (in Chinese).
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    ZHANG G L, YANG M H, DAI Y T. Fabry-Perot fiber tip sensor based on an inner air-cavity for refractive index sensing[J]. Chin-ese Optics Letters, 2014, 12 (A01): 77-79.
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    YAO Q Q, MENG H Y, WANG W, et al. Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature based on a core-offset Mach-Zehnder interferometer combined with a fiber Bragg grating[J]. Sensors & Actuators A Physical, 2014, 209: 73-77.
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    DASH J N, JHA R. Fabry-Perot based strain insensitive photonic crystal fiber modal interferometer for inline sensing of refractive index and temperature[J]. Applied Optics, 2015, 54(35): 10479-10486. doi: 10.1364/AO.54.010479
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    LI X G, ZHAO Y, CAI L, et al. Simultaneous measurement of RI and temperature with a FP and Mach-Zehnder composite interferometer[J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2016, 28(17): 1839-1842. doi: 10.1109/LPT.2016.2573828
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    SUN L L, QIN J, TONG Zh R, et al. Simultaneous measurement of refractive index and temperature based on down-taper and thin-core fiber[J]. Optics Communications, 2018, 426: 506-510. doi: 10.1016/j.optcom.2018.06.004
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    ZHOU K P, HE W, ZHANG W, et al. Dual-parameter characte-rization based on all-fiber waist-enlarged-bitapers MZ cascaded PCF-FP[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2019, 48(7): 0717004 (in Chinese). doi: 10.3788/IRLA201948.0717004
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    LI D, HE W, LOU X P, et al. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and alcohol solution mass fraction based on the cascade of FBG and MZI[J]. Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument, 2017, 38(12): 3020-3027 (in Chinese).
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    MA Q F, NI K, HUANG R, et al. Simultaneous temperature and refractive index measurement based on optical fiber sensor[C/OL]. (2016-09)[2017-03-13]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315512906_Simultaneous_temperature_and_refractive_index_measurement_based_on_optical_fiber_sensor.
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Research on dual-parameter characteristics of composite interference fiber sensor based on cascade FPI-MZI

    Corresponding author: ZHANG Xiongxing, 605703946@qq.com
  • School of Optoelectronics Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China

Abstract: In order to achieve the simultaneous measurement and sensing detection of temperature and solution mass fraction in the industrial production process, a new dual-parameter sensor, which was composed of Fabry-Perot interference (FPI) and Mach-Zehnder interference (MZI) cascading interference structure was proposed. This new type of dual-parameter sensor cascade structure was composed of a single mode fiber (SMF) and a hollow core fiber (HCF) fused together. A method of simultaneously measuring the characteristic wavelength shift of the FPI reflection spectrum and the MZI transmission spectrum was adopted, and then the sensitivity difference between FPI and MZI to temperature and refractive index was obtained. The measurement of dual parameters of the sensor was realized by establishing the sensor temperature-mass fraction sensitivity matrix. The results show that the temperature sensitivity of FPI is 10pm/℃ in the temperature range of 40℃~150℃, while MZI is not sensitive to temperature. In the range of mass fraction 0.05~0.40, FPI is not sensitive to refractive index, while the sensitivity of MZI mass fraction is 232.3nm/RIU. The temperature and solution mass fraction can be measured by using this sensor. The study provides a reference for the dynamic measurement of dual-parameter in the processing industries such as petroleum, chemical, electricity, steel, and machinery.

引言
  • 在物理、化学和生物工业生产过程和传感检测过程中往往需要实时测量溶液质量分数,相比于传统的传感器,光纤传感器因为具备了质量轻、尺寸小、耐腐蚀性好、抗电磁干扰和灵敏度高等优点[1-4],所以越来越受到各国研究者与工程技术人员的青睐,已经获得了一定规模的应用。

    光纤传感器可以通过测量折射率的变化来间接获得溶液质量分数的变化,但是溶液的折射率是其质量分数和温度的函数[5],质量分数检测过程通常会伴随温度变化,温度变化直接影响折射率测量的准确性。当前,使用光纤传感器来测量质量分数和温度已经成为研究的热点。其中,干涉式光纤传感器[6-11]具备更高的稳定性,更适合于复杂环境中的多参数测量。2014年,YAO等人[12]提出了一种用于同时测量溶液中的折射率(refractive index,RI)和温度的全光纤传感器,该传感器的折射率灵敏度为13.7592nm/折射率, 较低。2015年,DASH等人[13]利用熔接光子晶体光纤时产生的气体凹陷,将其与单模光纤进行熔接制备了双法布里-珀罗干涉仪(Fabry-Perot interferometer, FPI),该传感器的参数测量需要对透射光谱和反射光谱分别进行测量,无法实现质量分数和温度的同时测量。2016年,LI等人[14]采用级联的单模光纤-多模光纤-光子晶体光纤-单模光纤结构,通过对反射光谱和透射光谱移动的监测,同时测量温度和折射率,该传感器的折射率灵敏度为108nm/单位折射率(refractive index unit,RIU)。2018年,SUN等人[15]采用级联的单模光纤-锥形光纤-薄芯光纤结构的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(Mach-Zehnder interferometer, MZI),通过在干涉光谱上选取两个特征波谷,并观测对应光谱的特征波谷的漂移量实现质量分数和温度的双参数传感检测,该传感器需要将单模光纤拉锥,得到级联细芯光纤,传感器加工难度较大。2019年,ZHOU等人[16]通过在单模光纤上熔融放电制作出MZI,之后在MZI的尾纤的一端与光子晶体光纤进行熔接形成FPI,该传感器的折射率灵敏度9.97nm/RIU较低。

    综上所述,本文中提出并实现了一种新型的具有单模光纤(single mode fiber, SMF)-空芯光纤(hollow core fiber, HCF)-SMF-HCF-SMF级联干涉结构的双参数传感器。该传感器可同时监视FPI反射光谱和MZI透射光谱的特征波谷与波峰的波长移动, 通过计算FPI和MZI的特征波长移动量,并将其计算得出的灵敏度数值代入温度-折射率传感矩阵,实现温度-质量分数双参数的动态测量。该传感器不需要精密的处理技术,易于制造并且成本较低,同时,该传感器灵敏度高、线性度高,在工业生产中具有一定的应用价值[17-19]

1.   传感器工作原理
  • 设计的传感器结构如图 1所示。它包括在两段SMF之间拼接一段内径为75μm的HCF而制造的FPI,以及在两段SMF之间拼接一段内径为5μm的HCF制造的MZI。当光源的光进入复合干涉仪时,光强可以分为3个部分:首先,由于存在HCF,来自SMF的一部分光被HCF的两个表面反射回SMF的纤芯,此时发生法布里-珀罗干涉; 其次,另一部分光进入SMF,在SMF-HCF拼接点激发了沿HCF包层传播的包层模式; 最后,还剩余一部分光作为HCF纤芯模式传播,在HCF-SMF拼接点,SMF的包层模式被耦合回纤芯模式,HCF的包层模式和纤芯模式之间发生马赫-曾德尔干涉。

    Figure 1.  Dual-parameter measurement sensor structure diagram

    对于法布里-珀罗干涉,入射光I1光可以分为从SMF进入HCF的I2,在SMF-HCF拼接处发生的菲涅耳反射光I3,以及在HCF-SMF拼接处发生的菲涅耳反射光I4。FPI的干涉光谱强度可以表示为:

    式中,n是腔体的折射率,LF-P是FPI的腔体长度,λ是传输光的波长,φ0是初始相位。

    可求得FPI的反射光的光程差为:

    而FPI干涉光谱的第k级波谷处的波长λk, F-P为:

    联立(2)式和(3)式,可得FPI光程差为:

    由(4)式可知,FPI光程差与该第k级波谷处的波长λk, F-P成正比。

    当外界温度发生变化时,依据热膨胀和热光效应,会导致FPI的腔长发生变化,最终导致光程差的变化,因此此时(2)式可转化为:

    式中,α为HCF的热膨胀系数,ξ为HCF的热光系数。由(5)式可知,FPI的光程差变化量Δl与温度的变化量ΔT成正比。

    联立(4)式和(5)式,可得:

    由(6)式可知,对FPI干涉光谱的波谷进行波长漂移量的测量,即可得到温度的变化量。

    进行折射率测量时,由于SMF和HCF的有效折射率差异,在SMF-HCF和HCF-SMF拼接点会产生菲涅耳反射,在拼接点处反射率为:

    式中,nHCF为HCF光纤的有效折射率,nSMF为SMF光纤的有效折射率。当传感器置于不同折射率的外界环境时,外界环境折射率为nex,拼接点处反射率变为:

    由多光束干涉的公式可知:

    式中,Ir是FPI反射光的光强;I0是FPI入射光的光强。

    由(9)式可知,当外界环境的折射率发生变化时,FPI反射光谱的波长不会随着折射率的变化而发生改变,即FPI反射光谱对折射率的变化不敏感。

    对于马赫-曾德尔干涉,光可以分为在HCF纤芯中传输的I5以及被激发到HCF包层中传输的I6,MZI形成的干涉光谱强度可以表示为:

    式中,IM-Z为MZI干涉谱光强;Δnf为纤芯模式和包层模式的相对折射率差;LM-Z为MZI腔体的长度;λ为传输光的波长。

    当外界环境发生变化时,光纤的热光效应和热膨胀效应会导致HCF的包层模和纤芯模的相对折射率差Δnf和腔长LM-Z发生变化,有:

    式中,ξ1为纤芯的热光系数;ξ2为包层的热光系数;nf, 1为纤芯的有效折射率;nf,2为包层的有效折射率。

    当相位差φ56满足φ56=(2k+1)π时(k是正整数),干涉波峰对应的波长λk, M-Z可表示为:

    由(11)式可知,MZI的波峰变化量与外界温度和折射率的变化量线性相关。

    当外界温度T和C12H22O11溶液质量分数w发生变化时,所产生的温度变化ΔT和溶液折射率变化Δn与FPI的反射光谱特征波长变化系数ΔλF-P和MZI的透射光谱特征波长变化系数ΔλM-Z相关关系为:

    式中,mT, 1mn, 1分别为FPI的温度灵敏度和折射率灵敏度;mT, 2mn, 2分别为MZI的温度灵敏度和折射率灵敏度,由(13)式构建灵敏度系数矩阵有:

    将测量得到的特征波长漂移变化量进行线性拟合,得到FPI和MZI灵敏度,再与(14)式灵敏度系数矩阵相结合,即可同时进行温度和溶液质量分数的监测。

2.   传感器制作
  • 该传感器的显微图像如图 2所示。以SMF为输入端,SMF-HCF(内径75μm)构成FPI,SMF-HCF(内径5μm)-SMF构成MZI。

    Figure 2.  Microstructure diagram of a dual-parameter measurement sensor

    该传感器的制备步骤如下:(1)首先进行FPI的制作,将SMF、HCF(内径75μm)的一端去除一段长度的涂覆层后,用光纤切割刀切割,使用熔接机进行熔接;之后用光纤切割刀将HCF切割180μm的长度作为FPI的初始腔长,完成SMF-HCF(内径75μm)的结构;(2)进行MZI的制作,将SMF、HCF(内径5μm)的一端去除一段长度的涂覆层后,用光纤切割刀切割,使用熔接机进行熔接;之后用光纤切割刀将HCF切割3cm的长度作为MZI的长度,在HCF的另一端面再熔接一根SMF,完成SMF-HCF(内径5μm)-SMF的结构;(3)将MZI一端的SMF用光纤切割刀切割5mm的长度,再与FPI的HCF端进行熔接,完成传感器SMF-HCF(内径75μm)-SMF-HCF(内径5μm)-SMF级联的结构。

3.   实验结果与分析
  • 将制作好的传感器连接至图 3所示温度传感实验装置,进行温度特性测试表征实验。所采用温度传感实验装置由超辐射发光二极管光源(super luminescent diode,SLD)、光纤环行器、高温炉(high temperature furnace,HTF)和光谱分析仪(optical spectrum analyzer,OSA)构成。

    Figure 3.  Sensor temperature experimental test system

    固定传感器,将温度变化范围设置为40℃~150℃,每隔10℃在光谱仪中收集一次数据。FPI和MZI的频谱漂移如图 4图 5所示。

    Figure 4.  FPI reflection spectrum of sensor temperature experiment

    Figure 5.  MZI transmission spectrum of sensor temperature experiment

    图 6图 7可以看出,传感器的FPI和MZI都随温度变化而漂移,FPI的变化较大,MZI的变化较小。对FPI和MZI的温度响应进行线性拟合。FPI和MZI的温度响应曲线如图 8所示。FPI温度拟合线的斜率约为10pm /℃,截距约为1577.70,调整后拟合优度R2≈1;MZI温度拟合线的斜率约为3.45pm /℃,截距约为1575.15,调整后拟合优度R2≈0.93。因此,MZI的温度灵敏度为3.45pm /℃,线性度为0.93。FPI的温度敏感度为10pm /℃,线性度为1。实验结果表明,该传感器对温度变化具有良好的灵敏度和线性度。

    Figure 6.  FPI wavelength drift diagram in the 1575nm~1580nm band

    Figure 7.  MZI wavelength drift diagram in the 1560nm~1600nm band

    Figure 8.  The response curve of the sensor to the wavelength change in different temperature

  • 根据C12H22O11溶液质量分数和折射率的经验公式可计算得出折射率值,再计算溶液折射率与光谱波长的关系,即可间接求得溶液质量分数和波长的关系。

    利用蒸馏水和质量分数为0.25(20℃)的C12H22O11溶液分别配置了质量分数为0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.25,0.30,0.35,0.40的C12H22O11溶液。如表 1所示,C12H22O11溶液质量分数与折射率成正比。

    group mass fraction w refractive index
    1 0.05 1.340
    2 0.10 1.348
    3 0.15 1.356
    4 0.20 1.364
    5 0.25 1.373
    6 0.30 1.381
    7 0.35 1.389
    8 0.40 1.397

    Table 1.  Solution mass fraction refractive index table

    将制作好的传感器连接至图 9所示溶液质量分数传感实验装置,进行溶液质量分数特性测试实验。所采用质量分数传感实验装置由SLD光源、光纤环行器、装盛不同质量分数C12H22O11溶液的培养皿和光谱分析仪构成。

    Figure 9.  Sensor mass fraction experimental device diagram

    将制备的溶液倒入培养皿中并测量溶液的温度。当溶液的温度稳定在20℃时,记录传感器在不同溶液质量分数下的光谱数据。FPI和MZI的频谱漂移如图 10图 11所示。从图 12图 13可以看出,当溶液的质量分数从0.05增加到0.40、折射率从1.340增加到1.397时,FPI特征波谷的波长没有明显的漂移,MZI波峰向右漂移,波长变化约为15nm。对FPI和MZI的折射率响应进行线性拟合,响应曲线如图 14所示。FPI折射率拟合线的斜率约为0pm /℃,截距约为1565.70,调整后拟合优度R2≈1;MZI折射率拟合线的斜率约为232.29pm /℃,截距约为1274.15,调整后拟合优度R2≈0.97。

    Figure 10.  FPI reflection spectrum of sensor mass fraction experiment

    Figure 11.  MZI transmission spectrum of sensor mass fraction experiment

    Figure 12.  FPI wavelength drift at different mass fractions in the 1560nm~1570nm band

    Figure 13.  MZI wavelength drift at different mass fractions in the 1550nm~1620nm band

    Figure 14.  Response curve of the sensor to the wavelength change in solutions with different refractive index

    实验结果表明,FPI对折射率不敏感,折射率与波长之间没有明显的线性关系,FPI的溶液折射率灵敏度约为0nm/RIU;MZI的溶液折射率灵敏度为232.3nm/RIU,线性度为0.975。

    结合上述实验数据,将温度特性研究所得的温度灵敏度,与溶液质量分数特性研究所得折射率灵敏度代入下式的灵敏度系数矩阵,可得该FPI-MZI双参数传感器的温度-折射率传感矩阵方程为:

4.   结论
  • 本文中提出了一种具有FPI级联MZI结构的干涉式光纤传感器,用于温度和质量分数的双参数测量,通过同时监测传感器的MZI和FPI的特征波峰和波谷的波长变化值,将波长变化线性拟合所得温度灵敏度与折射率灵敏度代入温度-折射率传感矩阵,从而实现温度与质量分数双参数的同时测量。在40℃~150℃的温度范围内,FPI的温度敏感度为10pm/℃,而MZI的对温度不敏感。在溶液质量分数为质量分数0.05~0.40的范围内,FPI对折射率不敏感,而MZI折射率灵敏度是232.3nm/RIU。

    该传感器拼接技术简单、易制造、性能稳定。在溶液折射率受温度影响的环境中测量溶液质量分数时,可以有效避免环境温度变化引起的液体质量分数测量误差。具有良好的传感性能、应用价值和研究意义。

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