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Volume 46 Issue 3
May  2022
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LED band pump Nd∶YAG laser

  • Corresponding author: ZHAO Tianzhuo, zhaotianzhuo@ucas.ac.cn
  • Received Date: 2021-04-01
    Accepted Date: 2021-04-19
  • In order to study the influence of the pump light source spectrum and the absorption spectrum of the gain medium on the output efficiency of light-emitting diode(LED) band pump laser, and to improve the output efficiency, the spectral information was introduced into the laser rate equations to establish the rate equations of the LED band pump Nd∶YAG laser. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of LED band pumped Nd∶YAG laser were carried out. The Nd∶YAG laser was side-pumped by infrared LEDs. Under the pump energy of 9.1mJ, a 1064nm laser output with an output energy of 607μJ was obtained. The slope efficiency of this LED band pump Nd∶YAG laser was 15.5%, and the corresponding optical-to-optical efficiency was 6.67%. The results show that the calculated solution of the rate equations was basically consistent with the experimental output energy, which is helpful for the study of improving the output efficiency of LED band pump laser.
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    ADRIEN B, HUGO G, AMANDINE P, et al. LED side-pumped Nd3+∶YVO4 laser at room temperature[J]. Proceedings of the SPIE, 2015, 9342: 934210.
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    HUANG K Y, SU C K, LIN M W, et al. Efficient 750nm LED-pumped Nd∶YAG laser[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(11): 12043-12054. doi: 10.1364/OE.24.012043
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    HUANG K Y, SU C K, LIN M W, et al. 750nm LED-pumped Nd∶YAG laser with 9% optical efficiency[C]//2016 Conference on Laser and Electro-Optics(CLEO).New York, USA: IEEE, 2016: SM4M4.
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    BRENDEN V, STEVEN H E, DURFEE C G. Design and development of a high-power LED-pumped Ce∶Nd∶YAG laser[J]. Optics Letters, 2015, 40(13): 3049-3052. doi: 10.1364/OL.40.003049
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    CHO Ch Y, PU Ch Ch, SU K W, et al. LED-side-pumped Nd∶YAG laser with> 20% optical efficiency and the demonstration of an efficient passively Q-switched LED-pumped solid-state laser[J]. Optics Letters, 2017, 42(12): 2394-2397. doi: 10.1364/OL.42.002394
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    PIERRIE P, ADRIEN B, DANIEL B, et al. High-radiance light sources with LED-pumped luminescent concentrators applied to pump Nd∶YAG passively Q-switched laser[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2017, 96: 7-12.
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    PIERRIE P, ADRIEN B, JEAN-PHILIPPE B, et al. Light-emitting diodes: A new paradigm for Ti∶sapphire pumping[J]. Optica, 2018, 5(10): 1236-1239. doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.5.001236
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    PIERRIE P, FREDERIC D, JEAN-PHILIPPE B, et al. LED-pumped passively Q-switched Cr∶LiSAF laser[J]. Optics Letters, 2018, 43(18): 4489-4492. doi: 10.1364/OL.43.004489
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    ADRIEN B, AMANDINE P, THOMAS G, et al. Light-emitting diode pumped luminescent concentrators: A new opportunity for low-cost solid-state lasers[J]. Optica, 2016, 3(5): 465-468. doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.3.000465
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LED band pump Nd∶YAG laser

    Corresponding author: ZHAO Tianzhuo, zhaotianzhuo@ucas.ac.cn
  • 1. Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2. School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

Abstract: In order to study the influence of the pump light source spectrum and the absorption spectrum of the gain medium on the output efficiency of light-emitting diode(LED) band pump laser, and to improve the output efficiency, the spectral information was introduced into the laser rate equations to establish the rate equations of the LED band pump Nd∶YAG laser. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of LED band pumped Nd∶YAG laser were carried out. The Nd∶YAG laser was side-pumped by infrared LEDs. Under the pump energy of 9.1mJ, a 1064nm laser output with an output energy of 607μJ was obtained. The slope efficiency of this LED band pump Nd∶YAG laser was 15.5%, and the corresponding optical-to-optical efficiency was 6.67%. The results show that the calculated solution of the rate equations was basically consistent with the experimental output energy, which is helpful for the study of improving the output efficiency of LED band pump laser.

引言
  • 发光二极管(light-emitting diode,LED)自从诞生起就被运用在抽运固体激光器的研究上。1964年,OCHS和PANKOVE以液氮冷却的GaAsxP1-x化合物LED作为光源,抽运Dy∶CaF2晶体,观察到2.36μm激光的输出[1]。近年来,随着LED功率的日益增大,所覆盖的光谱范围日益扩大,科研人员对LED抽运固体激光器产生了越来越多的关注。由于LED相比激光二极管(laser diode,LD)具有使用寿命长、价格低廉、环境稳定性高等优点,近年来, 研究人员重新将LED应用于固体激光器的抽运上。2008年, YANG等人展示了一种由氮化物LED抽运的聚合物激光器[2]。HTEIN等人致力于研究LED抽运光纤放大器,如白光LED抽运稀土离子掺杂光纤[3-5]。此外,各种激光晶体已在实验上应用于LED抽运固体激光器,如Nd∶YAG, Nd∶YVO4, Ti∶sapphire和Cr∶LiSAF[6-19]。最近还实现了LED抽运主动和被动调Q激光器[20-21]

    LD的输出光光谱宽度通常小于3nm,因此在研究时只需考虑与吸收光谱上的单吸收峰匹配,是一种忽略抽运光光谱宽度的窄带宽抽运,其特性可以归纳为“窄抽运”。相比较而言,灯抽运由于覆盖了约2000nm的光谱区域,已经完全不需要考虑抽运光光谱与吸收光谱上能级跃迁吸收峰匹配问题,因此是一种宽光谱范围的抽运,可以简称为“宽抽运”。与忽略抽运光光谱宽度的LD抽运和宽光谱范围的灯抽运不同,处于两者之间的LED抽运的光源光谱宽度通常为20nm~60nm,在一个光谱带宽范围内覆盖数个吸收峰,且光谱带宽的影响不能忽略,因此可以将之称为“带抽运”。LED带抽运和灯抽运相比具有更高的效率和更高的光束质量;和LD抽运相比有更低廉的成本、更高的稳定性。本文中考虑LED光源光谱分布和增益介质吸收光谱分布,建立了LED带抽运速率方程,并进行了LED脉冲抽运Nd∶YAG激光器的输出的仿真与实验。

1.   LED带抽运速率方程的建立
  • Nd∶YAG作为一种激光晶体具有典型的四能级结构,其能级结构如图 1中蓝色部分所示。图中还给出了Nd∶YAG主要能级相关的Stark能级分布,R与Y表示F和I的正能级。以Nd∶YAG晶体红外区域790nm~830nm波长范围内的吸收带为例,在基质中由于晶体场的作用,Nd3+离子的单个能级将分裂为若干个Stark子能级,因此,Nd∶YAG晶体的吸收带是由多个子吸收峰组成的。图 1中红色部分描述了Nd∶YAG固体激光器的四能级结构的工作状态。光将离子由基态E0抽运到抽运带,大部分的激发态离子通过无辐射跃迁到亚稳态能级E2,然后输出1064nm的激光到达终态能级E1,最后,离子通过迅速的无辐射跃迁回到基态能级。

    Figure 1.  Level diagram of Nd∶YAG crystal

    红外附近吸收峰对应的能级跃迁如图 2所示[22]

    Figure 2.  The infrared absorption peaks of Nd∶YAG crystal

    假设从抽运带到上能级的跃迁过程非常迅速,抽运带的粒子数密度n3≈0。则典型的激光四能级速率方程如下[23]

    式中,Wp是抽运速率;Wnr是能级3和能级2之间的无辐射跃迁速率;g1g2表示能级1和能级2的简并度; n0, n1, n2, n3是各能级的粒子数密度,nt表示各密度之和;τij是能级i到能级j之间的跃迁寿命;σ是受激辐射截面面积;cn是光在折射率为n的介质中传播的速度;φ是光子数密度。

    由于吸收带包含多个Stark子能级,在忽略抽运带中子能级之间的跃迁的情况下,(1)式和(2)式中的某些参数将发生如下的变化。

  • 用LED抽运光源的功率和激光工作物质的吸收系数来描述抽运速率,将LED的发射光谱和增益介质的吸收光谱引入速率方程来模拟LED带抽运Nd∶YAG激光器将提高仿真的精度。

    在LED带抽运中,输入功率Pin是波长λ的函数,由LED抽运光源决定。吸收系数也是波长的函数,因此,被增益基质吸收的抽运功率也应为波长的函数,其表达式如下所示:

    式中,α(λ)表吸收数,L是增益介质长度。用(5)式来描述带抽运的抽运速率:

    式中,V是体积,h为普朗克常数,η是量子效率,c0是真空中的光速,(λ1, λ2)是LED抽运光源的波长范围。

  • 无辐射跃迁出现在几乎每一个能级上,无辐射跃迁速率主要受晶体主晶格和能级间隔影响,可以表示为(7)式所示的形式。和抽运速率不同的是,无辐射跃迁速率是一个离散的值,因此,在带抽运的速率方程计算中,用∑Wnr来表示无辐射跃迁速率,具体公式如下:

    式中,W0表示温度T=0K时的多声子弛豫几率,ΔE为发生跃迁的能级间隔,$ \hbar $表示约化普朗克常数,ω为角动量,k为玻尔兹曼常数,γ为相互作用耦合参量,可以表示为[24]

    式中, ωm是晶体基质的最高声子频率,N为声子数目,n为玻尔兹曼分布,S0是与基质有关的常数。

    此为单一能级的无辐射跃迁几率的实验所得带隙公式。由于LED带抽运中,抽运带内含有多个吸收峰,对于无辐射跃迁来说,每一个吸收峰对应的跃迁都含有一个对应的非辐射跃迁。

    综上所述,可以得到如下形式的速率方程:

    将参数调整后的表达式带入到速率方程中,并按照一般解法求解速率方程,仿真部分均基于上述经调整后的速率方程。

2.   LED带抽运Nd∶YAG激光器的输出仿真与实验
  • 实验中选用了欧司朗公司生产的型号为SFH 4780S的红外LED灯珠,9个一组,分4组,4面侧抽运长度为40mm、横截面积为4mm×4mm的Nd∶YAG晶体。

    谐振腔采用长度为80mm的平凹腔,输出耦合镜的透射率为1.5%,高反射(high refractive, HR)镜(反射率R>99.5%)为曲率半径2000mm的平凹面镜,两镜直径20mm。将LED发射光谱参数以及Nd∶YAG的吸收系数带入到速率方程中可以得到输出能量的仿真结果。

    光路示意图及实验实物如图 3a图 3b所示。

    Figure 3.  Schematic diagram of experiment light path and the photo of experiment apparatus

    抽运时间为250μs,频率为5Hz。LED带抽运Nd∶YAG激光器的抽运能量(EP)和输出能量(Ee, Es)之间的关系如图 4所示。Ee为实验值, Es为仿真值。实验中,阈值能量为5.2mJ,高于计算结果,这是由于在实验中存在着损耗,如LED光源的能量转换损耗、谐振腔的器件引入的插入损耗等。当LED的抽运能量为9.1mJ时,1064nm激光器的输出能量增加到607μJ,此时达到最高的倾斜效率15.5%,光转换效率为6.67%。继续增大抽运能量,激光器的效率将会下降。这是由于实验选用的LED光源额定电压有限,超过额定电压工作,会出现明显的电光转换效率下降现象,导致输出能量的降低。当抽运能量为15.4mJ时,达到增益饱和。抽运能量和输出能量的关系和仿真计算结果基本一致。图 4中还给出了晶体谐振腔内荧光储能分布的ZEMAX仿真结果及实验测试结果。测量荧光储能分布的仪器为SPRINCON公司生产的型号为SP620U的光束质量分析仪,测试结果与仿真结果比较吻合。此外,实验中还测量了激光输出的空间分布与时间波形,其结果如图 5所示。测量激光输出的空间分布使用的仪器和测量荧光储能分布使用的仪器相同,测量激光输出的时间波形使用的仪器为Tektronix公司生产的型号为MDO4104C的示波器。激光器输出的脉冲宽度为160μs,比抽运脉冲持续时间短。

    Figure 4.  Experimental output energy and simulation output energy, as well as the comparison of experimental results and simulation results of fluorescence distribution of Nd: YAG

    Figure 5.  Spatial distribution and temporal shape of laser output with output energy of 607μJ

3.   结论
  • 将抽运源发射光谱信息和激光增益介质吸收光谱信息引入计算中,建立了LED带抽运的速率方程,并根据速率方程对LED带抽运Nd∶YAG激光器进行了仿真。搭建了实验平台,进行了LED带抽运Nd∶YAG激光器的脉冲抽运实验,实际测量了抽运能量为5.2mJ~15.4mJ之间的输出能量,与仿真结果相比基本吻合。对仿真结果与实验结果的偏差进行了分析,指出低抽运能量时,损耗是造成偏差的主要原因,在高抽运能量时,LED光源的光电转换效率下降是造成偏差的主要原因。在抽运能量为9.1mJ时得到了607μJ的脉冲激光输出,实现了实验中最高的倾斜效率15.5%,其光转换效率为6.67%。本文为LED带抽运研究的理论模拟提供了行之有效的方法。

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