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Effect of buffer gas on gas detection based on photoacoustic spectroscopy

  • Corresponding author: WANG Xinbing, xbwang@hust.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 2019-02-21
    Accepted Date: 2019-03-22
  • In order to study effect of pressure and buffer gas on photoacoustic signal and resonance frequency, a trace gas detection system was designed based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. Taking NH3 standard gas as an example, filling buffer gas into the photoacoustic cell to change the pressure in the photoacoustic cell, with the pressure as a single variable, the change of photoacoustic signal and resonance frequency was obtained in pressure range from 0.03MPa ~0.1MPa. And then, different kinds of buffer gases were filled into the photoacoustic cell respectively. The change of photoacoustic signal and resonance frequency in pressure range from 0.03MPa ~ 0.1MPa were obtained under different buffer gas conditions. The results show that, with the increase of pressure, the amplitude of photoacoustic signal increases. The heavier the buffer gas, the greater the increase of photoacoustic signal. The increase of pressure makes the resonance frequency shift. The shift of resonance frequency is inversely proportional to molar mass of the mixed gas molecules in the photoacoustic cell. The change of pressure and background gas makes the environment more complex and affects the detection results. This study provides a reference for solving this problem.
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    ZHAO N. Research of coal mine gas detection system based on photoacoustic spectroscopy[D]. Qinhuangdao: Yanshan University, 2014: 76-85(in Chinese).
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    PATIMISCO P, BORRI S, GALLI I, et al. High finesse optical ca-vity coupled with a quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopic sensor[J]. Analyst, 2015, 140(3): 736-743. doi: 10.1039/C4AN01158A
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    TITTEL F K, SAMPAOLO A, PATIMISCO P, et al. Analysis of overtone flexural modes operation in quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy[J]. Optics Express, 2016, 24(6): A682-A692. doi: 10.1364/OE.24.00A682
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Effect of buffer gas on gas detection based on photoacoustic spectroscopy

    Corresponding author: WANG Xinbing, xbwang@hust.edu.cn
  • Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronic, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China

Abstract: In order to study effect of pressure and buffer gas on photoacoustic signal and resonance frequency, a trace gas detection system was designed based on photoacoustic spectroscopy. Taking NH3 standard gas as an example, filling buffer gas into the photoacoustic cell to change the pressure in the photoacoustic cell, with the pressure as a single variable, the change of photoacoustic signal and resonance frequency was obtained in pressure range from 0.03MPa ~0.1MPa. And then, different kinds of buffer gases were filled into the photoacoustic cell respectively. The change of photoacoustic signal and resonance frequency in pressure range from 0.03MPa ~ 0.1MPa were obtained under different buffer gas conditions. The results show that, with the increase of pressure, the amplitude of photoacoustic signal increases. The heavier the buffer gas, the greater the increase of photoacoustic signal. The increase of pressure makes the resonance frequency shift. The shift of resonance frequency is inversely proportional to molar mass of the mixed gas molecules in the photoacoustic cell. The change of pressure and background gas makes the environment more complex and affects the detection results. This study provides a reference for solving this problem.

引言
  • NH3广泛存在于大气中,其作为一种碱性痕量气体,与大气酸性成分中和后,会对大气能见度和区域空气质量产生影响,间接导致土壤、水体酸化和自然生态系统富营养化等环境问题[1],对人类正常生活产生了一定的影响。NH3还是人体呼出气中占比较高的一种痕量气体,通过检测呼出气中的氨气含量可诊断人体肾脏功能,继而使病变能较早被检测并预防[2]。因此,对NH3浓度的检测在大气环境检测以及医疗诊断等领域都具有十分重要的意义,也越来越受到人们重视。

    目前NH3气体检测的方法众多,其中光声光谱技术凭借其灵敏度高、稳定性好、响应速度快以及便于现场检测等优点被广泛应用[3-7]。但在现场进行气体检测时,光声光谱检测效果易受气体压强及缓冲气体等因素的干扰,那么深入分析两者对光声光谱气体检测的影响很有必要。对于气压对光声检测的影响,重庆大学、中国科学院电工研究所、燕山大学、哈尔滨理工大学、中国科技大学等研究单位都在传统的光声光谱系统中做了相关研究[8-14],此外,PATIMISCO, TITTLE等人在石英增强型光声光谱系统中也进行了该实验,都得出了在一定压强范围内,光声信号随气体压强升高而增大的结果[15-16],但这些研究中均是通过不断向光声池内充入待测气体来改变池内气压,从而获得光声信号随气压的变化关系,充入待测气体这一过程改变了池内待测气体的分子数,没有保证气压作为单一变量,由此而得出的光声信号增大的结果并不全是气压升高所造成的。因此,本文中提出了通过充入缓冲气体来改变池内气压的方法,这一方法不改变池内待测气体分子数,从而保证了池内气压为单一变量。

    此外,不同的缓冲气体对光声信号也有很大的影响。最早对此进行研究的是美国伯克利加州大学的WAKE等人,通过实验研究和理论分析给出了在共振和非共振型光声池中光声信号和缓冲气体种类的关系[17-18]。近年来,燕山大学[12]和重庆大学[19]对于缓冲气体与光声信号的关系也做了部分研究,仅给出了空气、N2和He按比例混合而成的缓冲气体对CH4气体的光声信号的影响,伊朗德黑兰理工大学给出了N2, 空气, Ar, He对SF6和SO2气体的光声信号影响[20-21]。本文中基于光声光谱技术,设计了一套痕量气体检测系统,通过实验给出缓冲气体N2, 空气, Ar, Ne, He, H2对NH3气体的光声信号的影响,为复杂环境下光声光谱法用于现场气体检测提供依据。

1.   光声光谱技术原理
  • 光声信号的产生和检测是一个光、热、声、电的能量转换过程[22]。光声池中的气体样品受到光子辐射后,在红外区域吸收红外辐射而激发其振动能级至激发态,而后与气体中任一分子相碰撞经过无辐射弛豫过程其能量转移至平动模式,使得分子动能增加而变热。如果给入射光一个强度调制,则封闭在光声腔内的气体将先产生温度调制进而发生频率与光强调制频率相同的周期性胀缩,从而激发出相应的声波。这声波可用传声器直接检测,并将其转化为电信号进行处理[23-24]

    由光声信号产生的这一系列过程可得,光声信号的大小SPA与传声器灵敏度Smic、光声池常数C100、入射光功率Pi、样品气体吸收系数α及其浓度c等参量成正比,可用下式表示:

    式中, 光声池常数C100表征光声腔内气体吸收光能转化为声能的能力[22],其值变化对光声信号大小有很大影响,可表示为:

    式中, γ为比热容比,γ=cp/cV,即气体比定压热容cp和比定容热容cV之比; Vcell为光声池体积; Lc为谐振腔长度。则光声池品质因数Q100和共振频率f100的比值对光声池常数C100的大小起决定作用。

    光声池的品质因数是用来描述腔内能量积累和损耗的比例关系[22],可由下式计算得到:

    式中, Rc为谐振腔半径,lvlth分别为粘性边界层厚度和热边界层厚度,表示为:

    式中, η为样品气体的粘滞系数,ω=2πf为调制角频率,κ为样品气体的热导率。可看出,光声池品质因数的大小受池内气体密度影响,且成正比的关系。

    光声池的共振频率是描述其谐振腔工作状态的重要参量[22],与谐振腔几何尺寸的关系可表示为:

    以共振频率调制光源可使谐振腔工作于共振态,此时光声信号有极大值[25]。其中vs为腔内气体的声速[22],表达式为:

    式中, R为通用气体常数,T为腔内温度,M为样品气体的摩尔质量,混合样品气体的比热容比γmix和平均摩尔质量Mmix可表示为:

    式中, k为充入光声池中的气体种类数,cp, kcV, k分别表示第k种气体分子的比定压热容和比定容热容,Mk为第k种气体分子的摩尔质量,Nk/Nall为该气体分子数与气体分子总数之比。根据(5)式、(6)式可得,光声池的共振频率与池内气体的声速成正比,且光声池内声速和共振频率受气体的摩尔质量和腔内温度变化影响。充入缓冲气体后, 光声池内气体分子的碰撞弛豫时间可表示为:

    式中, N为缓冲气体分子数密度,σ为碰撞截面,m1m2分别为待测气体分子、缓冲气体分子的质量。

    综上所述,光声信号与光声池的池常数、品质因数及共振频率等特性参量密切相关,而这些参量又受腔内气体的物理常量影响,所以腔内气体密度、摩尔质量及温度等物理量如果变化,将会直接影响光声信号的大小。

2.   实验装置及原理
  • 所设计的光声痕量气体检测系统主要包括光源、光声池和光声信号检测处理3个模块,系统装置图见图 1。光源使用的是相干公司GEM SELECT-100型波长可调谐CO2激光器,其激光束半径为1.9mm±0.2mm,光束发散角为5mrad。光声池是1阶纵向圆柱形共振光声池,由谐振腔和缓冲室组成,在光声池声压最大处放置一个麦克风(EM-B6050U),麦克风引脚通过天线接口(sub-miniature-A, SMA)和双屏蔽线连接到光声信号处理电路。缓冲气体和样品气体通过三通阀和光声池进气口输入,系统在工作时,CO2激光器输出特定波长的强度调制光,经偏振衰减器后照射光声池内气体,光声池内产生的声信号由麦克风检测,再经信号处理电路滤波放大,输出的信号由数据采集卡进入计算机,用LabVIEW软件调用数据采集(data acquisition, DAQ)及数据处理模块对信息进行处理并由此获得浓度信息。

    Figure 1.  Experimental setup for gas detection based on photoacoustic spectrum

3.   实验结果与分析
  • 首先就气体压强对光声光谱检测中光声电信号的影响进行实验分析。实验中采用体积分数为10-4氨气标准气体(背景气为N2)作为待测气体,池内气压大小的变化通过加入体积分数为0.99999的氮气来实现。具体实验步骤如下:首先打开出气口门阀,将机械真空泵与出气口连接进行抽气,直到光声池中气压达到最小值,关闭门阀,停止抽气。然后打开进气口门阀和连接NH3气瓶的进气球阀,调节减压阀大小,使光声池中气压达到0.03MPa后,关闭球阀。接着打开与氮气气瓶连接的进气球阀,充入氮气,同样调节其对应的减压阀大小,实现光声池内气体压强在0.03MPa~0.1MPa范围内变化,每0.01MPa记录对应的光声信号。

    调节CO2激光器及偏振衰减器使其输出波长为10.349μm、功率为2W的激光,激光器调制频率为光声池共振频率1026Hz。记录光声信号峰峰值,取10次测量的平均值,则其与气压的关系曲线见图 2中的曲线2。

    Figure 2.  Effect of pressure on the performance of gas detection based on photoacoustic spectroscopy

    图 2中的曲线2显示光声信号随气压的升高而增大,气压达到0.07MPa以上时光声信号增大缓慢,趋于饱和。根据光声基本原理分析,当气压增大时,光声池内气体分子间碰撞更加激烈,无辐射弛豫过程加剧,能量转移速率提高,会有更多的能量转化为热量,光声信号将增大。此外,气压的上升使池内气体密度增大,根据(2)式和(3)式,光声池品质因数和池常数也将增大,进而导致(1)式中光声信号变大。无论从原理分析还是公式推导,均能得到光声信号随气压的升高而增大的关系。光声池的共振频率随气压的变化见图 2中的曲线3,随着气压的升高,光声池共振频率增大,其在0.03MPa~0.1MPa气压范围内的变化量为8Hz,结合表 1中给出的缓冲气体的物理参量及(6)式~(8)式分析,光声池内混合气体分子数增加改变了混合气体的比热容比γmix和平均摩尔质量Mmix,根据表 1计算得出,随着气压的增大,$\sqrt {{\gamma _{{\rm{mix }}}}/{M_{{\rm{mix }}}}} $也将增大,从而使得池内声速增大,因此共振频率也将增大。在实验中根据该曲线对激光调制频率进行修正后测得对应的光声信号与气压的关系, 见曲线1,与频率修正前相比,光声信号增大,这是因为随着气压的增大,光声池的共振频率发生偏移,导致光声信号衰减,而经过频率修正后得到的为对应气压下光声信号的最大值。

    gas ρ/(kg·m-3) M/(kg·mol-1) κ/(W·m-1·K-1) cp/(J·kg-1·K-1) cV/(J·kg-1·K-1) γ
    H2 0.090 0.0020 0.171 14050.0 9935.0 1.414
    N2 1.250 0.0280 0.024 1037.9 741.1 1.401
    air 1.293 0.0288 0.025 1004.9 718.1 1.400
    He 0.180 0.0040 0.143 5200.0 3122.5 1.666
    Ne 0.900 0.0200 0.046 1030.0 618.0 1.667
    Ar 1.78 0.0400 0.016 520.0 312.0 1.667
    NH3 0.771 0.0170 0.019 530.0 400.0 1.325

    Table 1.  Physical constants of buffer gases at 20℃ and 1.01×105Pa

    因此在现场进行气体检测,气压上升时,应该及时调整系统的共振频率,确保光声信号幅值最大。

  • 在前述实验基础上,改变缓冲气体种类,则可得到不同的缓冲气体对光声信号的影响,为在多种背景气体存在的复杂环境下进行光声光谱气体检测提供了参考依据。

    保持与第3.1节中相同的实验条件,改变通入光声池内的缓冲气体种类,向光声池内依次通入缓冲气体空气, Ar, Ne, He, H2,测得不同气压节点处对应的调制频率。实验结果如图 3所示。

    Figure 3.  Effect of various types of buffer gases on resonant frequency of photoacoustic cell

    图 3得出,在同一气压下,光声池内共振频率表现为:f100(H2)>f100(He)>f100(Ne) >f100(N2) >f100(air) >f100(Ar),根据(5)式、(6)式,光声池内共振频率与气体的摩尔质量M成反比,因此摩尔质量更小的气体使得光声池内共振频率更高。当通入H2, He, Ne, N2时,共振频率随气压的升高而增大,且越轻的气体频率偏移量越大;通入空气和Ar时,共振频率随气压的升高而减小;其中N2的变化量最小,这是因为NH3的背景气体为N2,通入N2后池内混合气体的平均摩尔质量因气压变化而产生的变化量较小,而通入更轻或更重的缓冲气体会使池内混合气体的平均摩尔质量随气压的升高而减小或增大,从而导致共振频率变化,充入不同缓冲气体后的共振频率的偏移量和缓冲气体的比热容比γ、摩尔质量M有关,结合表 1及(5)式~(8)式,通过计算可得出共振频率的理论值。

    根据第3.1节及图 3中曲线得出的结论,对缓冲气体在不同气压下的共振频率进行修正,测得不同缓冲气体对应的光声信号幅值的大小。实验结果如图 4所示。

    Figure 4.  Effect of various types of buffer gases on the performance of gas detection based on photoacoustic spectroscopy

    图 4表明,在不同缓冲气体下,在0.03MPa~0.1MPa范围内改变池内气压,光声信号增大,验证了如前所述的光声信号气压特性。改变缓冲气体种类时,不同缓冲气体对应的光声信号幅值表现为:SPA(air)>SPA(N2)>SPA(Ar)>SPA(Ne)>SPA(He)>SPA(H2)。根据(8)式可得,充入分子质量较大的缓冲气体能够缩短气体的弛豫时间,从而获得更大的光声信号。充入空气时的光声信号最强,这是因为空气中含有H2O,能够明显提高气体分子的碰撞弛豫速率[26]。此外,图 4中充入Ar测得的光声信号值略低于充入N2时的光声信号,这是因为通入Ar时,共振频率随气压的升高而减小,共振频率的减小有利于降低系统的噪声。

4.   结论
  • 基于光声光谱基本原理,以NH3为代表,从理论上解释了气压及缓冲气体变化对光声信号检测的影响,为光声光谱法现场进行气体检测提供了参考依据。

    (1) 随着气压上升,光声信号变大,极限检测灵敏度也随之提高。

    (2) 气压的上升会造成共振频率偏移的情况,而使得所测光声信号幅值偏小,因此在实际测量中出现气压变化时需要对共振频率进行修正。

    (3) 现场检测时环境中的背景气体对光声信号影响较大。通过对在光声池中通入不同缓冲气体进行实验模拟,发现充入空气时能够获得最大的光声信号,除此之外,越重的缓冲气体促使光声信号增幅越大,越轻的缓冲气体导致光声池的共振频率偏移越严重。

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