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试验基体为尺寸300mm×200mm×20mm的板材,表面进行打磨处理以减少激光反射,粉末选用JG-3型Fe基合金粉末,成分如表 1所示。
Table 1. Chemical compositions of JG-3 iron-based alloy powder
element C Si Cr B Fe mass fraction 0.12 0.80 16.5 0.90 balance -
试验中采用图 5所示的激光3-D打印系统。图 5a为电源,控制系统开闭;图 5b为控制器,主要作用是控制加工系统的运动轨迹、激光功率、送粉速率以及监控激光实际功率、冷却水温度等各项指标;图 5c为三轴式数控工作台,采用广州数控GSK 980MDc加工设备,配以激光发射器、光外侧向同轴送粉头等装置;图 5d为YFL 1000-CS大功率光纤激光器,激光束通过光学元件扩束、聚焦,在加工表面形成直径1mm的圆形光斑;图 5e为载气式送粉装置; 图 5f为循环水冷装置。
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连杆模型的加工轨迹规划形成了两种扫描路径,S型扫描形成的填充线运行轨迹简单,但由于激光熔化金属粉末快速凝固形成椭圆形熔道,片层内单一方向熔道多次搭接会直接影响成形件的径向力学性能,并且填充线方向相同会引起收缩方向应力一致,导致表面翘曲程度增加,甚至在填充线方向突变处出现“结瘤”现象,从而影响成形件的成形精度和表面光滑度。轮廓偏移填充线的扫描方向不断变化,成形区域内应力发散,能有效减小收缩率,而且成形件内外表面轮廓线是一条完整的封闭曲线,以模型主要尺寸确定的内外轮廓向成形件内部等距偏置规划填充路径,能提高成形件的尺寸精度,减少后续加工余量。试验中选取连杆轮廓偏移扫描路径。
试验表明,激光功率、送粉速率和扫描速率等工艺参量对熔池形貌以及性能有显著影响[14-15]。多道搭接熔覆过程中,每道熔覆层相互影响,熔覆层及其整体内部的应力状态相对复杂[16]。结合激光3-D打印系统的单道熔覆实验数据及相关结论,选取试验主要工艺参量见表 2。
Table 2. Processing parameters of 3-D printing experiment
forming part powder material laser power/W scanning speed/(mm·min-1) powder feed/(g·min-1) beam diameter/mm connecting rod Fe-based alloy 1000 1000 15 1 -
按照确定的工艺方案,将加工路径与工艺参量组合生成控制文件,输入激光3-D打印系统控制器。试验前对基板进行预热,减小初始打印过程中熔覆层与基板间的温度梯度,完成对刀后启动控制程序打印发动机连杆。图 6a~图 6c为激光3-D打印连杆不同时刻的形貌。随着加工过程的推进,连杆片层不断堆积,成形高度增大,整体3维结构逐渐显现。图 6d为激光3-D打印连杆。激光扫描单层轨迹用时为4min30s~4min56s,连杆毛坯模型总层数为50层,打印总用时4h20min。
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连杆打印成形后,根据连杆不同工况下受力状况的理论分析确定危险截面,选取如图 7a所示的连杆大头截面A-A, B-B, E-E,连杆杆身截面C-C, D-D,以及连杆小头截面E-E制备试样,采用电火花线切割切取表面积10mm×10mm的试样进行组织结构与性能分析。选用粒度由小到大的金相砂纸进行打磨,然后在金相研磨机上用抛光剂对试样表面进行抛光,采用HV-1000A显微硬度计测试其维氏硬度,加载压力500g,保持时间5s。抛光后的金相试样用现配王水(盐酸和硝酸按照3: 1比例混合物)进行金相腐蚀,然后立即用水冲洗、无水乙醇洗净、吹风机吹干,采用金相显微镜观察试样的微观组织形貌。在杆身处制备室温拉伸试样(GB/T 228.1-2010),取样位置如图 7a所示,试样标距L0=8mm。用Reger电子万能试验机进行室温拉伸实验,拉伸时加载变形速率为0.5mm/min。
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激光3-D打印过程熔池内传热、传质情况复杂,同时还伴随着组织相变的发生。图 7b为低倍镜下连杆截面试样的微观形貌,可以看出,层内、层间熔道相互致密搭接,形成良好的冶金结合。图中部分区域存在少量气孔,产生的原因主要是合金粉末在激光加工前氧化、受潮或者有的元素在高温下发生氧化反应,多道搭接过程的搭接率等工艺参量设置不合理也会导致孔洞的产生。为了提高成形连杆质量,可以采取的工艺措施有优化激光加工系统、设置保护气氛、粉末输送前烘干去湿。
图 7c为连杆截面试样底部的金相组织,可以看出, 靠近基体的底部组织为柱状晶,且生长方向与基体结合面垂直。由金属凝固理论可知,温度梯度与凝固速率的比值G/R决定凝固组织的形貌[17]。连杆堆积初始基体材料温度较低,熔池主要依靠基体传导散热,熔池与基体之间的界面结合处存在较大的正温度梯度G,并且温度梯度和主热流方向主要沿沉积方向,即垂直于基体结合面,晶粒长大过程中,与主热流方向偏差较大的晶粒被淘汰。图 7d为连杆截面试样中部的金相组织,可以看出,底层中部组织为垂直于基体结合面方向的树枝晶,由于Fe基合金粉末熔化凝固过程中各种成分的凝固点不同,熔点高的溶质元素先凝固,凝固过程伴随着固液界面前沿溶质的再分配,溶质浓度发生变化导致金属液体凝固温度的改变,即成分过冷。随着距固液界面的距离增大,温度梯度G减小,成分过冷增大,在连杆截面中部形成树枝晶组织。图 7e为连杆截面试样中上部的金相组织,为细小的等轴晶。连杆多层堆积成形的部分已经具有了较高的温度,并且在连杆成形上部,热量通过热传导、热辐射以及空气对流等多种方式散发,温度梯度与凝固速率的比值G/R逐渐减小,成分过冷极大,在固液界面前沿生成许多沿各个方向生长的晶核,晶粒自由生长形成细小的等轴晶。由于成分及组织分布不均会在熔覆层内部形成组织应力和相变应力,影响成形连杆质量,在后续工序中会配套相应的热处理工艺,消除内应力。
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对成形连杆不同截面试样的分层高度方向上和单层轨迹内取点测试了维氏硬度,以结合面中心为原点,沿纵向和横向每间隔0.5mm选取有限个点,硬度分布曲线如图 8所示。
可知,显微硬度从结合区-连杆打印区呈梯度分布,结合区显微硬度较低,Fe基合金粉末中添加了大量Cr,Si等元素(见表 1),激光加热熔化合金粉末生成金属化合物,进入熔池迅速扩散并凝固形成硬质点,造成连杆打印区显微硬度大幅度提高。连杆打印区的显微硬度由低到高、再由高到低不断变化,是由于在激光按照加工轨迹成形每一层时,使已经凝固成形的上一层熔池发生部分重熔,相互间形成冶金结合,成形部分热传导使纵向上分别形成回火区和重熔区,显微硬度逐渐降低。单层轨迹内显微硬度值变化不大、较为均匀,稳定在450HV~490HV。由于激光3-D打印成形精度较高,其形状、尺寸接近成形连杆,配套后续铣削、磨削等机械加工工序,提高连杆的几何精度和表面质量。目前,以超细晶粒硬质合金为基体的涂层刀具的铣削硬度可达510HV[18],且成本较低,采用高速铣削工艺能够对激光3-D打印连杆进行高效的后处理。
室温拉伸实验结果表明,Fe基粉末激光3-D打印连杆的屈服强度为754MPa,抗拉强度为1189MPa,延伸率为9%。将获得的激光3-D打印连杆的硬度、拉伸性能与模锻、粉锻连杆的性能进行比较,如表 3所示。连杆模锻工艺常用材料有调质钢40Cr, 35CrMo,非调质钢36MnVS4, C70S6[19];粉锻工艺通常采用3Cu5C, 3Cu6C, 3Cu7C等Fe-C-Cu系合金粉末[20]。可以看出,Fe基合金粉末激光3-D打印连杆的硬度稍高,屈服强度、抗拉强度以及延伸率与3Cu7C粉末锻造连杆相当。
Table 3. Comparison of mechanical properties of connectingrods with different manufacturing processes
汽车发动机连杆激光3-D打印工艺研究
Study on laser 3-D printing process of automotive engine connecting rods
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摘要: 为了研究汽车发动机连杆激光3-D打印制造工艺,采用理论分析和实验验证的方法,建立了连杆3-D数据模型,进行了分层切片处理,通过S型扫描和轮廓偏移扫描,规划两种连杆加工路径。选用铁基合金粉末以及相应的工艺参量,在激光3-D打印系统中进行连杆打印试验。扫描单层轨迹用时4min30s~4min56s,总用时4h20min。结果表明,连杆成形区底部的金相组织主要是柱状晶和树枝晶,中上部是细小的等轴晶,层间致密搭接,形成良好的冶金结合;成形连杆显微硬度为450HV~490HV,屈服强度为754MPa,抗拉强度为1189MPa,延伸率为9%。连杆激光3-D打印成形制坯性能相比于锻造、粉锻制造工艺,减少了工装成本支出并缩短了生产准备工时,其屈服强度、抗拉强度等力学性能超过钢锻连杆,与国外粉锻连杆相比,差别不大,能满足连杆制坯要求。Abstract: In order to study the manufacturing process of laser 3-D printing for automobile engine connecting rods, by means of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, 3-D model of a connecting rod was established and slicing was done. By S-type scanning and contour offset scanning, two machining paths of connecting rods were planned. Alloy powders based on iron and the corresponding technological parameters were selected to carry out the rod print test in a laser 3-D printing system. It took 4min30s~4min56s to scanning a single layer and it took 4h20min totally. The results show that the metallographic structure at the bottom of the forming zone of the connecting rod is mainly columnar crystal and dendritic crystal. The middle and upper part are small equiaxed crystal. Interlayer is dense and good metallurgical bonding had been formed. The microhardness of the formed connecting rod is 450HV~490HV, yield strength is 754MPa, tensile strength is 1189MPa, and elongation rate was 9%. Compared to forging, powder forging manufacturing processes, laser 3-D printing forming reduces tooling costs and shortens the production preparation time. Its mechanical properties, such as yield strength and tensile strength, exceed those of steel forging links. Compared with foreign powder forged connecting rod, the difference is not very big. The process can meet the requirements of connecting rod blank making.
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Key words:
- laser technique /
- engine connecting rod /
- 3-D printing /
- process study /
- experiment
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Table 1. Chemical compositions of JG-3 iron-based alloy powder
element C Si Cr B Fe mass fraction 0.12 0.80 16.5 0.90 balance Table 2. Processing parameters of 3-D printing experiment
forming part powder material laser power/W scanning speed/(mm·min-1) powder feed/(g·min-1) beam diameter/mm connecting rod Fe-based alloy 1000 1000 15 1 Table 3. Comparison of mechanical properties of connectingrods with different manufacturing processes
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