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Measurement of voltage direction based on Pockels electro-optic effect

  • Corresponding author: ZHONG Yuancong, wlzyc@jyu.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 2023-04-19
    Accepted Date: 2023-05-24
  • To achieve measurement of voltage direction for optical voltage transformers, theoretical analysis and experimental verification were conducted by the Pockels effect and theory of polarized light, and a measuring method of voltage direction was presented based on the Pockels effect. The relation among different direction voltage, the state of light polarization and light propagating direction were obtained. The results show that, when the value of applied voltage is 100 V, observing toward light, the long and short axis of the transmitted light are located at the spatial angles of 20° and 110°, respectively, and the polarization direction of light passing through a λ/4 wave-plate is located in the second and fourth quadrants of the coordinates, which indicates that the transmitted light is right-lateral elliptically polarized light, the direction of voltage is along the light propagating direction. In addition, the spatial angles are 130° and 40°, and the polarization direction with a λ/4 wave-plate is located in the first and third quadrants, which indicates that the transmitted light is left-lateral elliptically polarized light, the direction of voltage is along the opposite direction of light propagation. The experimental results agree well with the theory, which can guide the design of optical voltage transformers that can measure the magnitude and direction of voltages.
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Measurement of voltage direction based on Pockels electro-optic effect

    Corresponding author: ZHONG Yuancong, wlzyc@jyu.edu.cn
  • School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China

Abstract: To achieve measurement of voltage direction for optical voltage transformers, theoretical analysis and experimental verification were conducted by the Pockels effect and theory of polarized light, and a measuring method of voltage direction was presented based on the Pockels effect. The relation among different direction voltage, the state of light polarization and light propagating direction were obtained. The results show that, when the value of applied voltage is 100 V, observing toward light, the long and short axis of the transmitted light are located at the spatial angles of 20° and 110°, respectively, and the polarization direction of light passing through a λ/4 wave-plate is located in the second and fourth quadrants of the coordinates, which indicates that the transmitted light is right-lateral elliptically polarized light, the direction of voltage is along the light propagating direction. In addition, the spatial angles are 130° and 40°, and the polarization direction with a λ/4 wave-plate is located in the first and third quadrants, which indicates that the transmitted light is left-lateral elliptically polarized light, the direction of voltage is along the opposite direction of light propagation. The experimental results agree well with the theory, which can guide the design of optical voltage transformers that can measure the magnitude and direction of voltages.

0.   引言
  • 对某些材料沿一定方向施加电场时,材料折射率会受到外加电场的影响,而且折射率的大小还与电场方向有关,导致从这些材料透射的光偏振态发生改变,产生电光效应。通常把电光材料的折射率正比于外加电场强度的电光效应称为线性电光效应,或Pockels效应。具有电光效应的磷酸二氢钾和铌酸锂等电光晶体在光电子技术领域有着广泛应用,如制成电光调制器[1-2]、电光开关[3-5]、电光逻辑器[6]、可调滤波器[7]和量子器件[8]等性能优异的光电器件,另外还可用于测量强电场[9-10]以及高电压[11-12]等电学参量。特别是随着新型电力系统的发展,要求输电容量、传输电压和电流越来越大,以及智能化越来越高,传统电压互感器已不能满足。而利用电光效应制成的新型光学电压互感器[13-15]具有体积小、集成度高、抗电磁干扰、绝缘性好和动态范围大等优点,解决了传统电压互感器存在的容易燃烧爆炸、绝缘性能差和频带窄等问题,在电力系统的过电压测量与在线监测中有着重要的应用。目前报道的光学电压互感器基本上只用于测量电压值的大小[11-16],几乎没有对电压的方向进行测量。然而,通过电压值及其方向才能全面准确反映电压变化。因此,作为一个重要的电压特性参量,电压方向也需要测量。为实现光学电压互感器测量电压的方向,本文作者研究了利用Pockels电光效应对电压方向进行测量的原理,并进行了实验测试。

1.   测量原理
  • 考虑电光材料为磷酸二氢钾(KH2PO4, KDP)晶体,其折射率与晶体的空间坐标xyz轴方向有关,x轴和y轴方向的主折射率都为noz轴方向的主折射率为ne,其线性电光系数γij矩阵可用下式表示[17-18]:

    式中:i=1, …, 6;j=1, 2, 3。这类晶体的电光张量元素只有γ41γ52、和γ63不为零,其余元素都为零。

    无外电场作用时,晶体折射率在空间各个方向的取值分布可用以z轴为对称轴的椭球方程表示为:

    若电场沿晶体的z轴方向施加,则z轴方向的电场强度大小为Ezxy轴方向的电场强度都为零。根据Pockels电光效应[17],这时折射率椭球方程变为:

    式中: x′、y′、z′为感应主轴坐标系。

    考虑入射线偏振光沿z轴方向传播,其光矢量Ep的振动方向沿晶体的x轴方向,如图 1所示。

    Figure 1.  Schematic diagram of Pockels electro-optic effect

    z′=0,式(3)变为:

    由式(4)可得电光晶体在感应主轴x′和y′方向的折射率分别为:

    入射线偏振光进入晶体后, 其光矢量Ep沿x′和y′方向分解为两个垂直的偏振分量Ep, xEp, y,其中Ep, x=A1cos(ωt),Ep, y=A2cos(ωt),A1A2分别为光矢量在x′和y′方向的振幅,ω为光矢量振动频率,t为传播时间。经过晶体长度为L的光程分别为nxLnyL,则相应的相位延迟分别为:

    式中:λ为入射光的波长。Ep, xEp, y通过电光晶体后会产生一个相位差:

    式中:U=EzL是沿z轴方向施加的电压。式(9)说明由于两个偏振分量Ep, xEp, y之间存在相位延迟,将会改变透射光束的偏振态。由偏振光理论可知,在一般情况下,这时通过晶体后的两偏振分量合成为一束椭圆偏振光,合成振动公式表示为[17-18]

    若施加的电压U方向沿光传播方向,且U值在(0,Vπ)范围,Vπ是电光晶体的半波电压,根据式(9)和式(10)可得相应相位差Δφ的值在(0,π),上述通过电光晶体合成的椭圆偏振光表现为右旋;同理,若U方向与光传播方向相反,相应的Δφ为(-π,0),合成的椭圆偏振光则表现为左旋[18-19]

    由上述分析可知,通过电光晶体的光偏振态取决于施加的电压方向。下一步需要确定椭圆偏振光的光矢量的旋转轨迹,可把λ/4波片置于椭圆偏振光传播前面,如图 2所示。调节λ/4波片的快轴与椭圆偏振光的长轴方向一致,慢轴则和短轴方向一致,使椭圆偏振光的长短轴产生一个π/2的附加相位。右旋椭圆偏振光的长短轴方向的相位差Δφ1=π/2,透过λ/4波片后的相位差变成Δφφ1+π/2=π,根据式(10)可知,右旋椭圆偏振光变换为线偏振光,其偏振方向在空间坐标的二、四象限;同理,对于左旋椭圆偏振光,其长短轴方向的相位差Δφ2=-π/2,透过λ/4波片后的相位差变成Δφφ2+π/2=0,变换为线偏振光[18, 20],其偏振方向在一、三象限。因此,可以通过测量电光晶体的透射椭圆偏振光的光矢量旋转方向,然后根据偏振光合成理论和电光效应判断出外加电压的方向,实现利用电光效应测量电压的方向。

    Figure 2.  Schematic diagram of judging the rotation direction of elliptically polarized light

2.   测量装置及结果分析
  • 根据上述理论分析,采用信息光电子综合实验仪(CA9005)搭建电压方向测量装置,如图 3所示。半导体激光器发射波长为635 nm的激光沿电光晶体的z轴方向传播,依次通过起偏器、电光晶体、检偏器和光探测器,另外在实验过程中还需加入λ/4波片,各光学元件调至等高共轴。沿电光晶体的z轴方向施加一定大小的电压U。电光晶体无电压作用时,从起偏器透射的光通过电光晶体后其偏振方向保持不变,由于检偏器与起偏器正交,无光输出,测量光强为零。

    Figure 3.  Experimental device of measuring voltage direction based on electro-optic effect

    设置施加的电压U=100 V,且电压方向沿光传播方向,即在图 3中电压方向表现为从左指向右(左正右负),这时检偏器有光输出。以z轴为中心旋转检偏器角度,每旋转10°用探测器测量对应的光功率,旋转一周,得到通过电光晶体的透射光的归一化功率随x-y坐标平面空间角度不同的分布,如图 4所示。迎着光观测,图 4中透射光在空间不同角度的功率大小分布呈现出椭圆形状,说明其光矢量的大小和方向都发生改变,功率在空间位置约20°出现最大值,归一化功率接近1,最小值则在空间位置约110°时为0.65,末端轨迹表现为椭圆。因此,透射光是椭圆偏振光,其长轴位于空间角度20°处,短轴位于空间角度110°处。

    Figure 4.  Intensity distribution of light through electro-optic crystal for the voltage to the right

    为进一步判断图 4中椭圆偏振光的光矢量旋转方向是右旋还是左旋,在图 3中的电光晶体和检偏器之间加入λ/4波片,并且调节λ/4波片的快轴与椭圆偏振光的长轴方向相同,其慢轴则与短轴方向一致,类似上述操作方法旋转检偏器测量光功率,得到透射椭圆偏振光透过λ/4波片后的归一化功率随x-y坐标平面空间角度不同的分布,如图 5所示。迎着光观测,图 5中的功率分布呈现出“8”字形状,在空间100°处达到一个最大值,归一化功率为1;在空间190°处存在一个最小值,归一化功率为0.24,接近于零,相当于消光。另外,这两个角度相差90°。这是典型的线偏振光通过检偏器的光强变化[21]。说明从电光晶体透射的椭圆偏振光再通过λ/4波片后变换成线偏振光,而且线偏振光的偏振方向位于x-y坐标二、四象限。根据前面的理论分析可知,此时通过电光晶体的椭圆偏振光表现为右旋,施加的电压方向与光传播方向相同,实验与理论相符。

    Figure 5.  Intensity distribution of elliptically polarized light through λ/4 wave-plate for the voltage to the right

    参考上述实验方法,改变施加电压U的方向,使其与光传播方向相反,即在图 3中电压方向表现为从右指向左(左负右正),测量得到通过电光晶体的透射光的归一化功率随x-y坐标平面空间角度不同的分布,如图 6所示。与图 4结果类似,透射光是椭圆偏振光,但其长短轴方向不一样,长轴位于空间角度约130°,短轴位于空间角度约40°。加入λ/4波片后,测得透射椭圆偏振光通过λ/4波片后的归一化功率随x-y坐标平面空间角度不同的分布,如图 7所示。同样与图 4结果类似,功率分布呈现“8”字形状,功率最大值出现在空间位置约34°,最小值则在约124°。说明通过λ/4波片后光为线偏振光,其偏振方向位于x-y坐标一、三象限,相应的椭圆偏振光是左旋,施加的电压方向与光传播方向相反。这进一步验证了利用Pockels电光效应测量电压方向的方法是有效的。

    Figure 6.  Intensity distribution of light through electro-optic crystal for the voltage to the left

    Figure 7.  Intensity distribution of elliptically polarized light through λ/4 wave-plate for the voltage to the left

    限于仪器条件和安全考虑,作者缺少更高电压的方向测量实验。然而由式(9)和式(10)可知,当光源和电光晶体确定后,电光效应导致的光偏振分量的相位差Δφ与外加电压U成单值函数,即相位差大小取决于外加电压,U越大,Δφ越大。只要施加的电压不高于半波电压,Δφ的取值仍在(0,π)或(-π,0)之间,相应电光效应的透射光偏振态变化能被上述方法测出。其中半波电压是电光晶体的一个重要参数,由入射光波长和电光晶体本身决定[17-18],通常可达千伏以上。由此推断: 采用上述方法测量更高电压的方向也是可行的, 适用于新型的光学电压互感器。

3.   结论
  • 本文作者结合偏振光理论和不同方向电压作用下的电致旋光特性,提出了一种利用Pockels电光效应测量电压方向的方法,并进行了实验测量。实验结果与理论相符,表明可以通过测量沿一定方向的施加电压作用下,光从电光晶体透射的偏振态变化,然后根据光偏振态与电压方向的关系确定施加电压的方向。迎着光观测,当透射的椭圆偏振光表现为右旋时,施加电压的方向沿光传播方向;当透射的椭圆偏振光表现为左旋时,电压方向则与光传播方向相反。这一工作有助于进一步理解电光效应中施加电压方向、光传播方向和光的偏振态三者之间的相互关系,对设计既能测量电压大小、又能判断其方向的光学电压互感器提供一定的指导作用,在光电子器件中具有重要的应用价值。

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