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Nov.  2021
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The analysis of thermal design and its simulation for air cooled YAG laser with the repetition of 50Hz

  • Received Date: 2020-11-16
    Accepted Date: 2020-12-12
  • Thermal design is the key technology for a diode pump solid laser to keep high stability of the output energy. To solve the cooling problem of a solid laser, a 150mJ air cooled YAG laser with the repetition of 50Hz was systematically studied. The 3-D theoretical model of the diode-pumped laser and the cooling parts was constructed, and the generated heat of the laser was calculated. Further, the thermal management of the whole system was analyzed using the software of FloEFD, and the theoretical results were then discussed. Finally, the verified experiment was carried out. The results show that after three cycles, the laser output is 155mJ, 50Hz, the laser beam dispersion is 2.9mard, and the temperature of radiator is about 85℃, respectively. The thermal design in this study has high stability, with which the cooling problem of the laser can be perfectly solved to meet the final requirements of the system and guarantee the natural work of the laser. This study provides a reference for the further thermal design of laser.
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    LIU Y P, PENG X J, ZHAO G, et al. Structure design and analysis of cooling parts of compact lasers[J]. Laser Technology, 2017, 41(6): 886-890(in Chinese).
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The analysis of thermal design and its simulation for air cooled YAG laser with the repetition of 50Hz

  • Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China

Abstract: Thermal design is the key technology for a diode pump solid laser to keep high stability of the output energy. To solve the cooling problem of a solid laser, a 150mJ air cooled YAG laser with the repetition of 50Hz was systematically studied. The 3-D theoretical model of the diode-pumped laser and the cooling parts was constructed, and the generated heat of the laser was calculated. Further, the thermal management of the whole system was analyzed using the software of FloEFD, and the theoretical results were then discussed. Finally, the verified experiment was carried out. The results show that after three cycles, the laser output is 155mJ, 50Hz, the laser beam dispersion is 2.9mard, and the temperature of radiator is about 85℃, respectively. The thermal design in this study has high stability, with which the cooling problem of the laser can be perfectly solved to meet the final requirements of the system and guarantee the natural work of the laser. This study provides a reference for the further thermal design of laser.

引言
  • 目前,在远距离、高重频激光测距机中,二极管抽运的激光器已逐步取代灯抽运激光器。但随着激光器功率不断提升,热耗散功率随之增加,若不能及时消除耗散功率转化的热量,激光器温度剧增,阈值电流增高,其发射的激光波长发生严重温漂[1],1℃漂移约0.3nm, 而吸收巴条激光的Nd∶YAG的吸收宽度只有3nm左右。为了保证激光能量稳定,对巴条进行了特定温度范围内的免温控设计,可在环境温度20℃~60℃之间保证吸收宽度的需求。但是激光测距机在重频50Hz工作时,如果没有对其进行相应的热设计,该产品很难满足环境温度-40℃~65℃的要求。本文中重点对50Hz的激光测距机进行了详细的热设计和仿真分析[2-3]

1.   二极管激光器的散热分析
  • 二极管激光器的阈值电流是指激光器正常工作时的最小电流。激光器的结构和共振腔品质决定了温度对阈值电流的影响,具体如下式[4]所示:

    式中,T0是特征温度,Iref是参考温度Tref下的阈值电流。从(1)式可看出,阈值电流会随着温度的升高而增大,为使激光器在较低的阈值电压下工作,必须提高热沉的散热效率,从而降低二极管激光器芯片的工作温度。

    二极管激光器作为YAG固体激光器的抽运源,其热量主要是通过热沉散出。二极管激光器芯片产生废热依次通过焊接层、绝缘层、初级热沉、次级热沉最终通过对流产生的方式散出。二极管激光器芯片温度与传热热阻、冷却流体温度、输出功率的关系如下式[5]所示:

    式中,Tlaser表示二极管激光器芯片的最高温度,Tc表示冷却流体的温度,Rth表示芯片与冷却流体件的传热热阻,I0U0分别表示输入电流和输入电压,Pout表示激光器输出功率。由(2)式可知,要想降低二极管激光器芯片的温度要从两方面着手:(1)降低冷却流体的温度,增大温差以提高散热热流密度;(2)减小二极管激光器芯片与冷却流体间的传热热阻。本文中在假设这两者都是最优的情况下,次级热沉与外界散热部件进行热传导的设计与分析。

2.   激光器方案设计和热计算
  • 该二极管激光器的设计要求如下:波长为1.064μm;激光器输出能量大于150mJ;重频为50Hz;脉宽小于10ns;束散为2.5mard~3mard;工作温度为-30℃~+65℃。光束质量:光斑能量分布均匀;工作方式:重频50次/s时,一次连续工作时间不小于40s,间隔时间3min为一个工作循环,连续工作3个循环后休息30min。

    该二极管抽运Nd∶YAG固体激光器的最高使用环境温度为65℃。YAG固体激光器使用的抽运源——二极管激光器(以下简称抽运源)工作温度为20℃~60℃。因此, 在65℃工作时,热管理条件最为严峻,产品的热设计的重点是产品如何满足环境温度65℃工作时保证巴条工作温度不大于60℃。

    YAG固体激光器的热设计分为激光晶体的热设计和抽运源热设计[6-8]。激光晶体采用的是圆柱形YAG晶体棒,其热设计为传导冷却,YAG晶体棒侧面的一半为抽运面,另外一半铟焊在与之热胀系数一致的金属热沉上,其材料为钨铜合金座WCu20(GB/T8320-2003),该金属热沉再与激光器基体紧密接触,实现热传导冷却,其结构如图 1所示。

    Figure 1.  Thermal design structure of laser

    激光器抽运源热设计[9],采用半导体热电致冷器(thermo electric cooler, TEC)辅助温控的宽温度范围(20℃~60℃)巴条并结合轴流风机强迫风冷,TEC提高致冷效率的前提是最大限度地及时带走TEC热端的热量。抽运源金属热沉与TEC的冷端紧密接触并与激光器外壳进行绝热设计,TEC热端与外部散热部件——带散热翅的均温板紧密贴合,该均温板内部真空封装均热介质,以保证更高效的散热。风机对均温板的散热翅进行强迫风冷。在环境温度低于20℃时,即-40℃~20℃时,启动TEC加热巴条热沉到20℃之上时,TEC停止工作,当环境温度超过60℃时,启动TEC致冷,使得巴条热沉温度不超过60℃。一般情况下,在激光器工作的大部分时间是20℃~60℃,所以TEC不用工作,发热和功耗都维持在一个较低的水平。

  • 该激光器采用两组抽运模块,每组抽运模块以25Hz交替工作,合成50Hz激光输出。每组抽运模块采用48×2个150W的二极管巴条交错对称抽运,每个巴条最大工作在100A、脉宽200μs下,则总的抽运脉冲峰值电功率和电脉冲能量分别为:2×96V×100A×200μs =3.84J,抽运功率为3.84×25=96W,以二极管40%的光电转换效率,巴条产生的热功率为96×60%=57.6W。

    考虑到小型化、轻量化的设计要求,采用半导体制冷散热方式进行散热,其最主要的特点[10]是体积小、可靠性强、操作简单[11],通过调整TEC内部参量可以提高TEC的控冷效果[12],并且最佳的传热面积比值能让TEC特性系数达到最大值。在TEC冷热面不大于30℃的前提下,TEC效率为40%,此时TEC的功率为57.6/40%=144W,则TEC热端需要散走的热量为144W+57.6W=200W。

    由于本方案中采用2组抽运模块,因此TEC热端散走的热量为200W×2=400W。

    由风机强迫冷却散热翅盖板带走如此多的热量压力很大,尤其在65℃高温的小体积密闭舱里,更是艰巨,所以需要进行整机的详细热设计、仿真。

3.   机箱热仿真
  • 本次热仿真采用FloEFD软件[13]。FloEFD是无缝集成于主流3维CAD软件中的高度工程化的通用流体传热分析软件,它基于当今主流计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics, CFD)软件都广泛采用的有限体积法(finite volume method,FVM)开发,其完全支持本次3维设计软件——SolidWorks软件的计算机辅助设计(computer aided design,CAD)模型。FloEFD的分析步骤包括测距机3维模型建立、自动网格划分、边界条件施加、求解和后处理等完全在CAD软件界面下完成,整个过程快速高效。值得注意的是,已经通过大量数值验证该方法是正确的[14-16]

  • 采用SolidWorks软件进行3维建模,该机箱的模型比较复杂,在保证分析精度的前提下,需要对测距机的结构进行简化[17]。简化过程中,机箱的细节特征,如螺纹孔、工艺孔、圆角、倒角可去掉;装配体中的小零件,如盖板螺钉、加强筋等也可去掉。对于通风滤网,在保证通风面积不变的情况下,可以用包含一定风阻的结构代替。简化后的结构如图 2图 3所示。

    Figure 2.  Built-in model of the simplified case

    Figure 3.  Total model of the simplified case

  • 划分网格数量的多少会直接影响计算精度和准确性。虽然网格数目越多计算精度越准确,但与此同时计算规模也会随之增加,计算机的运算负担也就越重,运算所需的时间也就越长。因此, 在确定网格数量时需要平衡两方面,既要满足设计精度要求,又要避免计算机运算负担过重。

  • 环境温度65℃;单个TEC外形尺寸:120mm×30mm×3.45mm;均温板外形:210mm×100mm×58mm,散热翅宽1.5mm,翅间距为1.5mm,翅高50mm,散热面积约为377580mm2;均温板导热系数为2500W/(m · K)。

    机箱模块功耗如图 4所示。热耗等效为面热源,两组TEC热功耗共450W(考虑50W裕量),工作40s,停止3min,共3个循环。功率加载波形如图 5所示。

    Figure 4.  Distribution of thermal consumption

    Figure 5.  TEC wave form chart

  • 机箱内两个风扇分布位置如图 6所示。风机采用的是轴流式风机,其电压为28V,外形大小约40mm×40mm×28mm,单个风扇风量设置为恒定值50m3/h,共两个风机。

    Figure 6.  Air fan in the case

  • 将以上的条件加载到模型上,仿真TEC与散热均温板贴合面的温度。该测距机的工作方式为:重频50次/s时,一次连续工作时间不小于40s,间隔时间3min为一个工作循环,连续工作3个循环后休息30min。可知,激光器热沉在40s,260s,480s时,温度达到峰值,这3个时间的TEC与散热均温板的温度云图如图 7所示。由图中可看出,温度最高的位置是两个TEC的位置,然后围绕最高温度位置,温度逐渐降低,温度曲线如图 8所示。3个时间的温度分别为82.3℃,83.6℃和83.7℃。

    Figure 7.  TEC temperature nephogram

    Figure 8.  Relationship of the maximum temperature in the diode heat sink and the time

    综上分析,TEC模块在3个工作循环后,巴条最高温度为83.7℃,小于85℃的设计要求,该热设计可满足激光测距机的要求。

4.   结论
  • 根据设计图纸,加工出各个零件。在散热均温板与TEC贴合的位置涂抹导热硅脂,以保证两者能紧密贴合,更好地导热。二极管激光器在高温65℃工作时,根据技术要求工作40s,停止3min,一共进行3个循环,激光器能正常工作,在重频50Hz下,输出能量为155mJ,脉宽为10ns,激光束散为2.6mard,经过24h的高低温工作和48h的高低温存储后,光斑大小依然均匀,光束质量仍然稳定可靠。测试散热器的温度约为85℃,证明该热设计满足激光器散热需求,满足测距机性能和技术要求。

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