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Volume 44 Issue 3
Jul.  2020
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Power line suspension point location method based on laser point cloud

  • Received Date: 2019-05-27
    Accepted Date: 2019-06-18
  • In order to solve the problems of low robustness and inaccurate location of power line suspension point location methods, a power line suspension point location method based on laser point cloud combined with local 3-D reconstruction and iterative search was used to study the location of power line suspension point. The spatial characteristics of power line point clouds were analyzed and the spatial constraints of power lines were deduced, which is used as a growth criterion for region growth based on spatial constraints to realize single power line segmentation across multiple stages. Then, the center point of the tower was extracted by clustering the point cloud of the tower, and the spatial segmentation plane of each power line was delineated on the basis of the angular bisector of the connection line of the center point of the tower. After that, the spatial polynomial local 3-D reconstruction of the power line point cloud near each segmentation plane was carried out; Finally, combined with the iterative search of the segmentation plane, the intersection point of the power line was reconstructed, and the spatial location of the power line suspension point was realized. The results show that for three kinds of voltage grade line point clouds and two kinds of data quality point clouds, the average location deviation is less than 0.09m, and the minimum deviation is 0.03m. This method has high robustness and can accurately locate the power line suspension point in each voltage level and mass point cloud data with high robustness and accuracy, which provides a basis for the subsequent safety analysis of power line simulation based on the suspension point.
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    SHI L, GUO T, PENG Ch, et al. Segmentation of laser point cloud and safety detection of power lines[J]. Laser Technology, 2019, 43(3): 341-346(in Chinese).
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    WU J J, LI L, FANG P k, et al. Effective organization and visualization of helicopter-based laser scanning data in power line inspection[J]. Laser Technology, 2019, 43(3): 318-323(in Chinese).
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    WU J J, CHEN L, LI L, et al. Power line extraction and reconstruction from airborne LiDAR point cloud[J]. Laser Technology, 2019, 43(4): 500-500(in Chinese).
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    YANG J, ZENG X J, WANG J Y, et al. Research on power equipment damage based on laser detection and big data analysis [J]. Laser Journal, 2018, 39 (12): 78-82(in Chinese).
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    POULIOT N, RICHARD P, MONTAMBAULT S. LineScout power line robot: Characterization of a UTM-30LX LIDAR system for obstacle detection[C]//IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). New York, USA: IEEE, 2012: 25-46.
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    WANG S B, LI M X, LI H R, et al. Research on obstacle detection of transmission line corridor based on 3-D laser radar technology[J]. Electronic Technology, 2019, 32 (4): 81-84(in Chinese).
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    DING W, HUANG X Y, TAN X Y, et al. Detecting danger vegetation in powerline corridors using airborne laser points [J]. Surveying and Mapping and Spatial Geographic Information, 2018, 41 (11): 125-128(in Chinese).
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    CHEN L M, ZHANG W, YU H, et al. Application of UAV-based LiDAR system for power line surveys [J]. Surveying and Mapping Bulletin, 2017(s1): 176-178(in Chinese).
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    RICHARD P L, POULIOT N, MONTAMBAULT S. Introduction of a LIDAR-based obstacle detection system on the Line Scout power line robot[C]//IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics (AIM).New York, USA: IEEE, 2014: 3533-3538.
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    CHEN Ch, PENG X Y, SONG Sh, et al. Safety distance diagnosis of large scale transmission line corridor inspection based on LiDAR point cloud collected with UAV [J]. Power Grid Technology, 2017, 41(8): 2723-2730(in Chinese).
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    GUO B, LI Q, HUANG X, et al. An improved method for power line reconstruction from point cloud data[J]. Remote Sensing, 2016, 8(1): 36. doi: 10.3390/rs8010036
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    YANG Y, CHEN F X, GUO T, et al. Power line extraction using airborne LiDAR point clouds characteristics and model fitting method [J]. Journal of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2018, 35(5): 612-616(in Chinese).
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    SHEN X J, QIN Ch, DU Y, et al. An automatic power line extraction method from airborne light detection and ranging point cloud in complex terrain [J]. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science Edition), 2018, 46 (7): 982-987(in Chinese).
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    LIN X G, NING X G, XIA Sh B. A method for power line LiDAR point cloud segmentation using K-means clustering of a feature space [J]. Surveying and Mapping Science, 2016, 41(5): 60-63(in Chinese).
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    WANG Y, CHEN Q, LIU L, et al. Supervised classification of power lines from airborne LiDAR data in urban areas[J]. Remote Sensing, 2017, 9(8):771. doi: 10.3390/rs9080771
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    XU B, LIU Zh J, WANG J. Extraction and security detection of power line based on laser point cloud data [J]. Laser Journal, 2017, 38 (7): 48-51(in Chinese).
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    DUAN M Y. 3-D power line reconstruction from airborne LiDAR point cloud [J]. Journal of Surveying and Mapping, 2016, 45 (12): 1495(in Chinese).
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    YU J, MU Ch, FENG Y M, et al.Powerlines extraction techniques from airborne LiDAR data [J]. Journal of Wuhan University (Information Science Edition), 2011, 36(11): 1275-1279(in Chinese).
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    YIN H Z, SUN X, NIE Zh G. An automated extraction algorithm of power lines based on airborne laser scanning data[J]. Geography and Geographic Information Science, 2012, 28 (2): 31-34(in Chinese).
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    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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Power line suspension point location method based on laser point cloud

  • 1. Transmission Operation and Maintenance Branch, Guizhou Power Grid Co. Ltd., Guiyang 550000, China
  • 2. Guizhou Electric Power Design & Research Institute, Construction Group Corporation of China, Guiyang 550000, China

Abstract: In order to solve the problems of low robustness and inaccurate location of power line suspension point location methods, a power line suspension point location method based on laser point cloud combined with local 3-D reconstruction and iterative search was used to study the location of power line suspension point. The spatial characteristics of power line point clouds were analyzed and the spatial constraints of power lines were deduced, which is used as a growth criterion for region growth based on spatial constraints to realize single power line segmentation across multiple stages. Then, the center point of the tower was extracted by clustering the point cloud of the tower, and the spatial segmentation plane of each power line was delineated on the basis of the angular bisector of the connection line of the center point of the tower. After that, the spatial polynomial local 3-D reconstruction of the power line point cloud near each segmentation plane was carried out; Finally, combined with the iterative search of the segmentation plane, the intersection point of the power line was reconstructed, and the spatial location of the power line suspension point was realized. The results show that for three kinds of voltage grade line point clouds and two kinds of data quality point clouds, the average location deviation is less than 0.09m, and the minimum deviation is 0.03m. This method has high robustness and can accurately locate the power line suspension point in each voltage level and mass point cloud data with high robustness and accuracy, which provides a basis for the subsequent safety analysis of power line simulation based on the suspension point.

引言
  • 近年来,机载激光雷达测量技术越来越多的应用在输电线路安全距离巡检工作中[1-11],而电力线在自然环境中大多以裸露形式存在,会受到气象条件等外界因素以及工况条件的影响,导线与地物的距离也在动态变化,静态的数据不能及时发现潜在的危险点,因而对各工况条件下的电力线进行模拟具有极大意义。

    在模拟电力线时,电力线悬挂点坐标是电力线模拟计算的基本点。然而,除在输电线路设计时可获取电力线悬挂点的设计位置,目前并无其它方式获取电力线悬挂点的位置。此外,由于施工过程中有可能会根据实地状况对输电线路做修改,故设计图纸上的悬挂点位置与实际的悬挂点位置不一定相同。因此,通过激光点云数据提取准确的电力线悬挂点空间坐标是一种可行方式。

    目前已有学者开展了电力线点云提取及拟合研究[12-18],而从激光点云数据中自动提取电力线悬挂点的相关研究还很少。已有的文献中,YU等人[19]通过检测局部高程极大值作为悬挂点坐标,这种方法无法适应地形复杂区域的悬挂点检测,因为这些区域往往存在比邻档的电力线整体高于上一档电力线的情况,且易受粗差点、噪点的干扰; YIN等人[20]x-O-y平面内过杆塔中心作与各条电力线垂直的直线,计算该直线与各电力线水平投影位置的交点作为悬挂点的大致平面位置,之后在各条电力线上悬挂点前后两侧一定范围内从电力线点云数据中提取A, B, C, D 4个节点,通过计算AB直线与CD直线的交点位置P作为电力线悬挂点的最终位置,这种方法只能获取悬挂点的平面坐标,无法准确获取悬挂点3维空间坐标; LIN等人[21]认为比邻档的不同电力线抛物线模型可以表现为具有显著差异的抛物线模型2阶导数,通过求取2阶导数及定位2阶导数显著变化的位置作为电力线悬挂点,但该方法假设电力线点云紧密、无断裂、无缺损,对于存在电力线点云缺失的情况不太适用。

    在实际数据处理过程中,由于激光扫描系统自身的误差、电力线悬挂点与杆塔的空间关系,在杆塔附近的电力线点云数据(也包括悬挂点附近电力线点云数据)通常会存在缺失或者被错分类到杆塔点云中。因此, 各电力线穿越杆塔时悬挂点的空间位置往往难以精确得到。本文中针对上述问题,提出一种鲁棒性高、准确性高的电力线悬挂点提取算法,包括电力线点云空间约束条件描述与表达、基于空间约束的区域增长方法分割单根电力线点云、基于角平分面的单档电力线分割、电力线局部3维重建、悬挂点迭代搜索,实现悬挂点附近电力线点云完整、分类正确情况下以及悬挂点附近电力线点云缺失或分类错误情况下的电力线悬挂点空间坐标准确提取。

1.   单根电力线分割
  • 单根电力线分割指将跨越多档的同一条电力线点云分为一类,将不同电力线的点云分为不同的类,单根电力线分割是提取电力线悬挂点的基础。一般情况下,同一条电力线上相邻点云间距离较小且紧密,不同电力线点云间距离较大。但由于激光雷达系统数据采集的随机性、激光扫描系统自身的误差和环境因素等,所采集的电力线点云很有可能存在电力线缺失情况。对于这种情况,常见的使用距离聚类分割电力线的方法鲁棒性较低,聚类中距离阈值若过小,则聚类不完整,同一条电力线因为点云缺失而被聚类为多条电力线; 若过大,则不同电力线被聚类为同一条电力线。因此,对电力线点云的空间特征进行描述,形成电力线空间约束条件,以此作为生长准则进行区域生长分割,实现电力线点云缺失情况下单根电力线的准确分割。

  • 通过研究发现,同一条电力线中点云即使存在缺失时,仍然表现出独特的空间特征,主要可概括为以下两点:(1)空间特征1。在x-y-z 3维空间,同一条电力线上相邻点云之间高程变化较小,即使电力线点云出现缺失情况,即两相邻点云间距离较大时,高差仍然较小,如图 1所示,同层电力线中相邻点云高差dz1远远小于不同层电力线间点云高差dz2; (2)空间特征2。在x-O-y 2维平面,同一条电力线上所有点云大致在同一直线上,具体可通过点到直线的距离dP来判定表征,如图 2所示。

    Figure 1.  Schematic diagram of point cloud elevation difference in different layers of power lines

    Figure 2.  Schematic diagram of the distance from point to line of different lines in the same layer

    同一条电力线中点云具备以上2个空间特征,不同电力线点云则不具备。根据空间特征1,可以实现电力线分层提取; 根据空间特征2,可以实现电力线同层分离。因此,将上述两个空间特征进行公式化表达,作为单根电力线点云分割的空间约束条件,详细定义如表 1所示。

    serial
    number
    coordinate
    system
    spatial constraint
    condition
    formulaic
    expression
    1 x-y-z 3-D space height difference specific formula (1)
    2 x-O-y 2-D plane distance from
    point to line
    specific formula (2)

    Table 1.  Spatial constraints of power line point cloud

    式中,zi, z0分别表示未分类点Pi与种子点P0的高程值,Δz表示未分类点Pi与种子点P0之间的高程差,T1表示高程差阈值,取经验值1.00m;(2)式中dP表示P点到直线的距离,(xiyi)表示未分类点Pi的平面坐标,A, BC为平面直线方程系数,T2表示点到直线距离阈值,取经验值1.00m。

  • 对电力线点云2个空间约束条件进行公式化表达后,以此作为生长准则对电力线点云进行区域生长,实现单根电力线分割,具体步骤在下面阐述。

    (1) 建立K-D树(K-dimension tree)。为加快搜索速度,采用K-D树结构分割散乱点云,K-D树的维度为3。

    (2) 选取初始种子点。选取电力线点云中最小坐标值的激光点云数据作为初始种子点P0

    (3) 基于K-D树索引的邻域点搜索。借助K-D树查找该种子点半径为R的邻域内所有电力线点云,并存入邻域点集Φ{P1, P2, …, Pi}。本文中半径R设为10.00m。

    (4) 基于空间约束的区域生长。种子点作为生长的起点,将邻域点与种子点进行对比,将符合电力线空间约束条件的邻域点合并起来继续向外生长,具体包括如下两个层次的生长过程:(a)电力线点云分层提取。计算邻域点集Φ中各点云与种子点P0的高程差值Δz,高程差小于阈值T1的点云视为与该种子点同层的电力线点云,并保存在相应同层电力线点云数组Φs中,完成第一层次生长; (b)电力线点云同层分离。利用最小二乘线性拟合对同层电力线点云数组Φs中点云进行x-O-y平面内的直线拟合,并选取与种子点P0距离最近的直线作为基准电力线,计算Φs中点云到该电力线距离dP,距离小于阈值T2的点云视为同层电力线中同一根电力线上点云,并保存在相应同一根电力线点云数组Φline中,完成第二层次生长。

    (5) 更新种子点。将数组Φline中点云的质心点作为下次生长的种子点。

    (6) 重复执行步骤(3)~步骤(5),直到不存在符合生长准则的电力线点则停止生长,至此,完成一条电力线分割。

    (7) 对于未处理的点云数据,重复执行步骤(2)~步骤(6),完成所有电力线的分割。

    跨越多档电力线原始点云(存在电力线中间点云缺失及悬挂点附近点云缺失情况)如图 3所示,最终单根电力线分割效果如图 4所示。

    Figure 3.  Spanning multiple power line source point clouds (there are missing point clouds in the middle of the power line and missing point clouds near the suspension point)

    Figure 4.  Schematic diagram of segmentation results across multiple power lines

2.   电力线悬挂点准确定位
  • 对杆塔点云数据进行基于密度的聚类,分割出每基杆塔相对应的点云数据Ct, i(i=1, 2, …, n,其中i表示杆塔序号,n表示杆塔数量),将聚类分割后的每基杆塔点云Ct, i投影到x-O-y平面,提取各投影后的杆塔点云质心坐标Pt, i(x, y),作为该基杆塔中心的x-O-y平面坐标; 将各杆塔中心平面点Pt, i(x, y)依次连线,计算各点的角平分线Li(x, y)(首尾两个点的角平分线为垂直于电力线点云的垂线),如图 5所示,图中T1T2,…,T5表示杆塔序号。

    Figure 5.  Schematic diagram of tower positioning and angle bisector

    过各角平分线Li(x, y)作垂直于x-O-y平面的空间平面Si(x, y, z)面,并将空间平面Si(x, y, z)作为分割该基杆塔左右两档各单根电力线的空间分割平面,如图 6a图 6b所示,图中白色为杆塔点云,绿色为以杆塔连线的角平分线为基准的空间分割平面。根据杆塔与电力线悬挂点的位置关系可知,悬挂点在空间分割平面附近或在空间分割平面内。

    Figure 6.  Tower point cloud and space division plane (green as the dividing plane)

  • 分别提取空间分割平面Si(x, y, z)两侧距离该平面10.00m之内的电力线点云并存入集合Cr, iCl, i,分别对Cr, iCl, i中点云进行空间多项式拟合,并延长至20.00m长,进行间隔为0.05m的等距采样,得到电力线悬挂点附近局部3维重建后的电力线点云集合CCR, iCCL, i,空间多项式拟合方程如下式所示:

    式中,a, b, c是多项式方程参量,为了获得多项式模型系数,采用最小二乘方法进行拟合求解。根据最小二乘原理,其局部拟合过程可转化为以下极值问题:

    即:

    式中,xi, yi, zi分别表示待拟合点云的3维空间坐标; W表示3维空间中高程zi的真实值与计算值之间的误差平方和,W/a, W/b, W/c分别表示误差平方和Wa, b, c系数的1阶偏导数。

  • 根据电力线悬挂点的定义可知,局部3维重建后的电力线CCR, iCCL, i相交点即为电力线悬挂点,采用以下方法快速搜索两电力线交点(即悬挂点)。

    (1) 分别提取CCR, iCCL, i中距离分割平面Si(x, y, z)0.10m之内的电力线点集合C1, iC2, i

    (2) 分别计算点集合C1, iC2, i中平均坐标P1, iP2, i,若P1, iP2, i坐标值相同,则P1, i即为电力线悬挂点,停止搜索; 否则,计算点P1, iP2, i之间的距离d

    (3) 将空间分割平面Si(x, y, z)沿d递减的电力线方向以一定步长进行平移,直到搜索到d=0.00m或者为最小值时则停止平移,此时两电力线交点(即电力线悬挂点)位于停止平移时的空间分割平面Si(x, y, z)上或其附近,提取CCR, iCCL, i中距离停止平移时的空间分割平面Si(x, y, z)0.10m之内的点云于一个集合中,计算该集合中点坐标的平均值即为电力线悬挂点空间坐标。

    其中,将空间分割平面Si(x, y, z)沿d递减的电力线方向进行平移方法具体为:设置平移步长为0.10m,将分割平面沿某侧电力线方向进行平移,若平移后的d值大于平移前的d值(即d递增),则将分割平面沿反方向进行平移,若平移后的d值小于平移前的d值(即d递减),则继续沿该方向平移。

    (4) 对于首尾两基杆塔上的悬挂点,若只有一侧存在电力线点云,则将该侧电力线点云局部3维重建结果与空间分割平面Si(x, y, z)的交点作为悬挂点。

    电力线悬挂点定位结果如图 7所示,图中红色点为定位到的电力线悬挂点。其中第三基杆塔为悬挂点处电力线点云缺失(误分类)情况,其余为悬挂点处电力线点云完整情况。

    Figure 7.  Results of suspension point location under the condition of complete and missing (misclassification) of power line point cloud at suspension point

3.   实验与分析
  • 为验证算法的有效性,本文中以实际输电线路点云数据为准,采集某电网运检公司所辖3种常见电压等级输电线路部分档的激光点云作为算法测试的数据源,线路点云数据如图 8所示,具体信息如表 2所示。

    Figure 8.  Test line point cloud data

    line serial number
    1 2 3
    voltage level/kV 110 220 500
    line length/km 2.56 1.16 4.88
    number of power lines 6 5 4
    number of towers 9 4 14
    number of suspension points 54 20 56

    Table 2.  Test line information

  • 利用本文中的方法分别对上述3条不同电压等级的架空输电线路点云数据进行分析处理,定位电力线悬挂点,定位效果图如图 9所示,详细结果如表 3所示。其中110kV架空线路的整体最大定位偏差为0.12m,最小定位偏差为0.03m,x, y, z平均偏差和整体平均偏差分别为0.07m, 0.07m, 0.05m, 0.063m;220kV架空线路的整体最大定位偏差为0.16m,最小定位偏差为0.04m,x, y, z平均偏差和整体偏差分别为0.07m, 0.06m, 0.07m, 0.067m;500kV架空线路的整体最大定位偏差为0.21m,最小定位偏差为0.05m,x, y, z平均偏差和整体偏差分别为0.09m, 0.09m, 0.08m, 0.087m,3种不同电压等级的整体定位偏差均保持在0.09m以下,偏差在允许范围内。

    Figure 9.  Location result of power line suspension point(the red point in the figure is the power line suspension point that is located)

    line serial
    number
    voltage
    level/kV
    maximum positioning
    deviation/m
    minimum positioning
    deviation/m
    average positioning deviation/m
    Δx Δy Δz whole
    1 110 0.12 0.03 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.063
    2 220 0.16 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.07 0.067
    3 500 0.21 0.05 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.087

    Table 3.  Analysis of test results

  • 算法提出的目的是从输电线路点云数据中精确的提取电力线悬挂点空间坐标,以实现精准的各工况下电力线模拟,以便及时发现输电通道潜在缺陷,实现潜在危险区域的自动化监测。因此,将本文中的方法与已有的其它悬挂点定位方法进行测试对比,客观分析方法的准确性及鲁棒性,方法1为以局部极大值点作为悬挂点,方法2为以2阶导数显著变化的位置作为悬挂点。

  • 将本文中方法与其它已有方法分别对悬挂点附近电力线点云完整且分类正确情况下(数据类型1),以及悬挂点附近电力线点云缺失或分类错误情况下(数据类型2)两种数据质量情况的悬挂点空间坐标提取进行测试对比,计算平均定位偏差如表 4所示。

    data type method 1/m method 2/m this paper method/m
    1 0.51 0.31 0.06
    2 2.14 1.85 0.07

    Table 4.  Robustness comparison of positioning methods

    表 4可知,对于数据质量较好的数据类型1,方法1、方法2均基本能定位悬挂点位置,但方法1因易受粗差点和噪点的影响定位偏差较大; 对于数据质量较差的数据类型2,因两种方法对于数据质量的依赖性较大,均存在应用局限性,导致悬挂点定位偏差都较大,达到2.00m左右; 相比于方法1、方法2,本文中的方法对于这两种质量数据均能较为准确的定位悬挂点,表现出了更高的鲁棒性。

  • 对同一基杆塔上6个悬挂点提取的详细实验结果对比如表 5所示。表中悬挂点5为悬挂点附近电力线点云被自动分类为杆塔点云情况。

    suspension
    point
    actual position/m positioning deviation/m
    method one method two this paper method
    x y z Δx Δy Δz Δx Δy Δz Δx Δy Δz
    1 722634 2954542.25 1147.82 0.49 0.41 0.45 0.29 0.31 0.39 0.07 0.04 0.05
    2 722646.38 2954562 1147.82 0.55 0.45 0.56 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.05 0.06 0.05
    3 722634.11 2954542.19 1164.35 0.57 0.52 0.51 0.39 0.41 0.34 0.06 0.05 0.07
    4 722646.31 2954562.05 1164.34 0.37 0.48 0.45 0.32 0.45 0.46 0.05 0.07 0.06
    5 722633.94 2954542.22 1174.44 2.1 1.98 2.09 1.98 1.81 1.94 0.08 0.07 0.06
    6 722646.4 2954562.19 1174.42 0.42 0.5 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.41 0.04 0.06 0.06

    Table 5.  Comparison of the accuracy of positioning methods

    表 5可知,方法1平均定位偏差为0.50m左右,方法2平均定位偏差为0.40m左右,而本文中的方法平均偏差在0.06m左右,相比于方法1和方法2,本文中方法更能较为精确地提取电力线悬挂点坐标。

4.   结论
  • 本文中提出了一种电力线悬挂点精确定位方法,实现了输电线路激光点云中悬挂点的精确定位。

    (1) 通过对电力线点云空间特征进行分析与公式化表达,提出电力线点云空间约束条件,并以此作为生长准则,进行基于空间约束的区域生长分割,有效的分割出跨越多档的单根电力线点云,对于电力线点云缺失及完整情况均能准确分割,为悬挂点的精确定位提供前提基础。

    (2) 通过对悬挂点附近电力线点云进行空间多项式局部3维重建,解决悬挂点附近电力线点云缺失或通常会被误分类为杆塔点云的情况,并以杆塔中心点连线的角平分线为基准准确划定每档电力线的空间分割平面,在此基础上通过迭代搜索的方式最终定位每基杆塔中的电力线悬挂点准确空间位置。

    (3) 实验中,对于3种电压等级线路点云及2种数据质量点云,定位平均偏差均在0.09m以内,最小偏差为0.03m。实验结果表明,本文中提出的电力线悬挂点定位方法准确高效、使用范围广、鲁棒性高,对于电力线点云完备、电力线点云缺失以及不同电压等级线路都能实现精确定位,在工程实际中有很好的应用前景。

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