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Jul.  2020
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The research of 1-D high reflective isosceles triangular subwavelength grating

  • Corresponding author: WANG Zhenfu, ZJQZWZF@126.com
  • Received Date: 2019-07-17
    Accepted Date: 2019-09-07
  • In order to understand the isosceles triangular subwavelength grating more deeply, the rigorous coupled-wave method was used forin-depth theoretical analysis and research, and the numerical simulation results of isosceles triangular subwavelength grating were obtained. The influence of grating period and incident angle on the characteristics of isosceles triangle subwavelength grating was analyzed, and the high reflection characteristic of isosceles triangle subwavelength grating was explained from the internal magnetic field distribution. The results show that isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings with different grating thicknesses exhibit different characteristics. When the grating thickness is between 0.54μm and 0.57μm, isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings have wide reflection bandwidth, while when the grating thickness is between 0.58μm and 0.66μm, guided mode resonance could be observed. The research can provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of high performance isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings in the future.
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    CHNAG H C J, YE Z, HUANG M, et al. High-contrast grating VCSELs[J]. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 2009, 15(3):869-878. doi: 10.1109/JSTQE.2009.2015195
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    LIU Y Y, ZHANG X, HUANG Y W, et al. OPSR enhancement of high-temperature operating shallow-surface grating VCSELs[J].Applied Optics, 2018, 57(16): 4486-4490. doi: 10.1364/AO.57.004486
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    DOMINIQUE C, JONATHAN S Y, OMID J, et al. Subwavelength-grating contradirectional couplers for large stopband filters [J]. Op-tics Letters, 2018, 43(4): 895-898. doi: 10.1364/OL.43.000895
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    SU L, TRIVEDI R, SAPRA N V, et al. Fully-automated optimization of grating couplers[J]. Optics Express, 2018, 26(4):4023-4034. doi: 10.1364/OE.26.004023
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    HU X, LI M, YE Z, et al. Design of midinfrared photodetectors enhanced by resonant cavities with subwavelength metallic gratings[J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 93(24):241108. doi: 10.1063/1.3052893
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    LIU T, HUANG Y Q, FEI J R, et al. Research on photodiode integrated with wide spectrum focusing reflector using nonperiodic subwavelength grating [J]. Chinese Optics Letters, 2018, 16(5): 051301. doi: 10.3788/COL201816.051301
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    GEBSKI M, KUZIOR O, DEMS M, et al. Transverse mode control in high-contrast grating VCSELs[J]. Optics Express, 2014, 22(17):20954-20963. doi: 10.1364/OE.22.020954
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    YU W, WU D, DUAN X, et al. Subwavelength grating wideband reflectors with tapered sidewall profile [J]. MRS Advances, 2016, 1(23):1683-1691. doi: 10.1557/adv.2015.18
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    YU W X, WU D C, YI Y. Impacts of tapered sidewall profiles with high aspect ratio on subwavelength grating structure [C]// 2015 IEEE Photonics Conference. New York, USA: IEEE, 2015: 1437-1440.
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    ZHANG Sh W, KO Y H, MAGUNSSON R. Broadband guided-mode resonant reflectors with quasi-equilateral triangle grating profiles [J]. Optics Express, 2017, 25(23): 28451-28458. doi: 10.1364/OE.25.028451
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    DANESHMANDI O, ALIGHANBARI A, GHARAVI A. Characte-ristics of new hybrid plasmonic bragg reflectors based on sinusoidal and triangular gratings[J]. Plasmonics, 2015, 10(1):233-239.
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    CHEN L, JING X, WANG L, et al. Broadband antireflection enhancement by triangular grating microstructure in the resonance domain[J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2014, 62:95-108.
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    WANG Q, ZHANG D, HUANG Y, et al. Type of tunable guided-mode resonance filter based on electro-optic characteristic of polymer-dispersed liquid crystal.[J]. Optics Letters, 2010, 35(8):1236-1368. doi: 10.1364/OL.35.001236
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The research of 1-D high reflective isosceles triangular subwavelength grating

    Corresponding author: WANG Zhenfu, ZJQZWZF@126.com
  • 1. College of Information Engineering, Quzhou College of Technology, Quzhou 324000, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China

Abstract: In order to understand the isosceles triangular subwavelength grating more deeply, the rigorous coupled-wave method was used forin-depth theoretical analysis and research, and the numerical simulation results of isosceles triangular subwavelength grating were obtained. The influence of grating period and incident angle on the characteristics of isosceles triangle subwavelength grating was analyzed, and the high reflection characteristic of isosceles triangle subwavelength grating was explained from the internal magnetic field distribution. The results show that isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings with different grating thicknesses exhibit different characteristics. When the grating thickness is between 0.54μm and 0.57μm, isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings have wide reflection bandwidth, while when the grating thickness is between 0.58μm and 0.66μm, guided mode resonance could be observed. The research can provide theoretical guidance for the preparation of high performance isosceles triangular subwavelength gratings in the future.

引言
  • 具有高反射亚波长光栅一直是现今科研工作者关注的焦点,因其具有高反射率, 故被应用在垂直腔面发射激光器、耦合器、探测器等当中[1-7],而且由于高反射亚波长光栅的厚度相比于布喇格反射镜要小很多,这在应用中有助于器件体积的下降[8-9]。目前多数具有高反射的亚波长光栅都是矩形,因为该种结构制备方便, 只需干法刻蚀就可制备得到[10],但是通过一些实验发现,在制备矩形光栅时,很容易出现刻蚀过度使矩形光栅变为梯形光栅,相比于矩形光栅,经过计算和测试发现,梯形光栅的反射率和反射带宽均会下降[11-12]

    现今等腰三角形亚波长光栅已经逐渐进入人们的视野,并且已经有了一些相关的研究。2017年, 中国科学院长春光学精密机械与物理研究所研究了具有宽反射带宽的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,经过对等腰三角形亚波长光栅的优化,发现当两个底角为60°时, 光栅具有567nm的宽反射带宽(反射率大于99%)[13]。2014年,伊朗西拉大学的研究人员设计了具有高透射的等腰三角亚波长光栅,经研究发现,设计的等腰三角亚波长光栅在波长1.5μm~1.6μm之间具有90%以上的透射率[14]; 同年中国计量大学设计了周期大于入射波长的等腰三角形光栅,经过模拟计算可知, 通过结构的设计,即使不是亚波长光栅,也可实现宽波长范围的透射[15]

    本文中通过对等腰三角形亚波长光栅进一步分析发现,其不仅能够实现宽波长范围的反射(反射率大于90%),而且还可以实现具有高反射率的导模共振。等腰三角形亚波长光栅的厚度是一个决定其具有宽反射带宽还是具有导模共振特性的关键参量。当其它参量都一定时,光栅厚度在某一范围内,等腰三角形亚波长光栅可实现宽波长范围的反射; 但是当光栅厚度超过这一范围,等腰三角形亚波长光栅则具有导模共振特性。通过计算可知,入射角在0°~80°范围内变化时,其能够保持导模共振特性。

1.   器件结构
  • 作者提出的等腰三角形亚波长光栅制备在硅(Si)波导层之上,Si波导层之下是二氧化硅层(SiO2)衬底,其中等腰三角形亚波长光栅也由Si材料构成,如图 1所示。图中s是光栅底边宽度, h是底边光栅厚度, P是光栅周期, t是Si波导层厚度, d是SiO2衬底厚度, θi是光入射角, θr是光反射角, θt是光透射角。在本文中设Si的折射率为3.48,SiO2的折射率为1.48,t=0.35μm,d=0.35μm,s=0.85μm。

    Figure 1.  Isosceles triangular subwavelength grating

2.   结果和讨论
  • 在本文中利用严格耦合波法模拟计算等腰三角形亚波长光栅。严格耦合波法是一种直接有效的电磁场理论,它在光栅区域严格地求解麦克斯韦方程,将麦克斯韦方程的求解问题化为一个求解特征函数的问题,得到由特征函数耦合起来的光栅区域电磁场表达式,然后在光栅区域与其它区域交界面上求解边界条件,得到最终衍射效率的值[16]。利用严格耦合波法计算发现:当h在0.54μm~0.57μm之间时,等腰三角形亚波长光栅具有宽反射带宽(反射率大于90%),但是当h继续往上增加,h在0.58μm~0.66μm之间时,等腰三角形亚波长光栅将具有导模共振特性,具体如图 2所示。此时P=0.85μm,θi=0°,方位角为0°。入射光为TM偏振(下同)。

    Figure 2.  Effect of grating thickness on an isosceles triangle subwavelength grating

    图 2a中可以知道,虽然h在0.54μm~0.57μm之间可以保持宽反射带宽,但是不同的h对应的反射带宽不同。当h=0.54μm时,反射带宽可达0.7μm,但是当h增加到0.57μm后,反射带宽就降到0.66μm。图 2b中,不同的h值对应的共振峰波长均为2.3426μm。之所以等腰三角形亚波长光栅随着h变化会从具有宽反射带宽的反射器转变为具有导模共振特征的滤波器,这是因为随着h的增加,外部入射光与波导层的泄露模耦合会引起光波能量的重新分布[17-18]

  • h分别为0.57μm(宽反射带宽)和0.58μm(导模共振)时, 分析了P对等腰三角形亚波长光栅的影响,如图 3所示。此时θi=0°,方位角为0°。h=0.57μm时光栅周期对三角形亚波长光栅反射率的影响如图 3a所示,从图中可以发现当P在0.85μm~0.90μm之内,三角形亚波长光栅大概在波长1.5μm~2.2μm之间可以保持90%以上的反射率,故此可以保持较宽的反射带宽,但是当P>0.9μm后, 在波长1.5μm~2.2μm之间的高反射率就会中断。

    Figure 3.  Effect of period on the reflectivity of an isosceles triangular subwavelength grating at h=0.57μm and h=0.58μm

    h=0.58μm时, 光栅周期对三角形亚波长光栅反射率的影响如图 3b所示。可以发现,随着P的增加,等腰三角亚波长光栅的共振峰波长(对应高反射率点)也会红移,这是因为周期增大会使波导层支持的波导模增加,从而实现共振波长的红移。波导模β与周期的关系如下式所示:

    式中,k0=2π/λλ是入射光波长,由(1)式可知,随着P的增加,β也会同时增加,从而使共振波长红移[19-20]

  • 光入射角对于光栅的影响是不可忽略的,为此本文中分析了光入射角对光栅反射率的影响。图 4是当h分别为0.57μm(宽反射带宽)和0.58μm(导模共振)时,光入射角对等腰三角形亚波长光栅反射率的影响,此时P=0.85μm。对于h=0.57μm的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,其高反射带宽对入射角较为敏感,当角度超过2.14°后,其在波长1.5μm~2.2μm之间的高反射率就无法保持,如图 4a所示,因此如若为了保证具有高反射率带宽,需对光入射角进行控制。通过图 4b可以知道,当h=0.58μm时,光入射角仅能改变等腰三角形亚波长光栅共振峰波长,光入射角从0°增加到80°的过程中(方位角也从0°增加到80°),共振峰波长会从2.3426μm红移到2.8μm,具体见图 4b

    Figure 4.  Effect of incident angle of light on the reflectivity of an isosceles triangular subwavelength grating at h=0.57μm and h=0.58μm

  • 为了探究等腰三角形亚波长光栅高反射的内在机制,本文中计算了两种光栅厚度时等腰三角形亚波长光栅内在磁场分布,具体如图 5所示(x, z分别是光栅的宽度和高度)。图 5a中对于h=0.57μm的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,其计算磁场时入射波长为1.6μm,而图 5b中对于h=0.58μm的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,其计算磁场时入射波长为2.3426μm,其中P=0.85μm,θi=0°,方位角为0°。

    Figure 5.  Distribution of magnetic field in a isosceles triangle with h=0.57μm and h=0.58μm

    图 5ah=0.57μm时等腰三角形亚波长光栅的磁场分布。从图中可以看到, 磁场能量大部分都聚集在Si波导层和等腰三角形亚波长光栅内部,即磁场能量大部分被光栅反射到三角光栅和波导层内部,在透射面仅存少量能量。同样对于h=0.58μm的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,其大部分磁场能量也是被限制在三角形光栅和波导层内部。通过对比图 5a图 5b可以发现,等腰三角形亚波长光栅实现宽反射带宽和实现导模共振时其内部磁场分布具有明显的差异。

3.   结论
  • 通过分析等腰三角形光栅厚度h对其反射率的影响,发现h在0.54μm~0.57μm内变化时,光栅具有高反射率反射带宽,反射带宽最大可达0.7μm,但是当h在0.58μm~0.66μm内变化时,光栅具有导模共振特性,且共振峰波长固定在2.34626μm。经过模拟计算发现, Pθi均对等腰三角形亚波长光栅具有较大影响,当光栅具有宽反射带宽特性时,P必须得在0.90μm内、θi必须得在2.14°内,光栅才能在波长1.5μm~2.2μm之间保持高反射率。对于具有导模共振特性的等腰三角形亚波长光栅,随着P, θi的增大,其共振峰波长均会出现红移现像。

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