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Mar.  2018
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Amplification characteristics of multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser amplifiers

  • Corresponding author: ZHANG Entao, entaozhang@163.com
  • Received Date: 2017-06-23
    Accepted Date: 2017-11-01
  • In order to study amplification characteristics of a multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), steady rate equation for a multi-wavelength Er-doped double cladding fiber amplifier was deduced based on a single frequency amplifier and ignoring the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). A theoretical model of EDFA was set up. The amplification characteristics of single wavelength amplification, dual wavelength amplification and four-wavelength amplification were numerically simulated and analyzed theoretically by using this model. The results indicate that, the optimum fiber length of the doped fiber amplifier is 8m in case of single wavelength injection. Unlike small signal amplification, the gain spectrum of a high-power EDFA tends to be flat in the range of 1530nm~1560nm. The difference of output power increases linearly with the increase of wavelength interval when double-wavelength signal laser is amplified by EDFA. While wavelength interval is 20nm, the maximum power difference of power balance compensation is 6.855W by adjusting the input signal power ratio. The minimum deviation of output power is 0.28W by adjusting the wavelength interval and power ratio parameter when four-wavelength signal laser is amplified by EDFA. And the gain equalization can be easily achieved within a certain range. The study will be helpful for multi-wavelength Er-doped fiber lasers and their application in laser Doppler radars.
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    MARAN J, LAROCHELLE S, BESNARD P, et al.C-band multi-wavelength frequency-shifted erbium doped fiber laser[J].Optics Communications, 2003, 218(1):81-86.
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    BELLEMARE A, KARASEK M, ROCHETTE M, et al. Room temperature multi-frequency erbium-doped fiber lasers anchored on the ITU frequency gdd[J].Journal of Lightwave Technology, 2000, 18(6):825-831. doi: 10.1109/50.848393
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    KIM S K, CHU M J, LEE J H, et al. Wideband multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser with frequency shifted feedback[J].Optics Communications, 2001, 190(1):291-302.
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    WANG R, WENG D, LI K, et al.Multi-wavelength Erbium-doped fiber laser based on four wave mixing effect in single mode fiber and high nonlinear fiber[J].Optics Express, 2013, 21(10):12570-12578. doi: 10.1364/OE.21.012570
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    SHAHABUDDIN N S, AHMAD H, YUSOFF Z, et al. Spacing-switchable multi-wavelength fiber laser based on nonlinear polarization rotation and brillouinscatteringin photonic crystal fiber[J].IEEE Photonics Journal, 2012, 4(1):34-38. doi: 10.1109/JPHOT.2011.2178400
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    YAO B, TONG Zh R, YANG X F, et al .Tunable multiwavelength fiber laser based on stimulated brillouin scattering[J]. Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2012, 41(4):919-923(in Chinese).
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    WANG R G, ZHAO L, ZHANG X P. Research of tunable multi-wavelength laser based on amplification effect of stimulated brillouin scattering[J].Journal of Optoelectronics·Laser, 2015, 26(6):1025-1029(in Chinese).
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    LI Y, FENG X H, SUN L, et al. Dual-wavelength fiber laser based on polarization hole-burning effect at room temperature[J].Acta Photonica Sinica, 2005, 34(2):173-175(in Chinese).
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    DONG F J, YANG X F, CAO Y, et al. Dual-wavelength Er-doped fiber laser based on polarization hole burning of multi-mode fiber[J].Journal of Optoelectronics·Laser, 2011, 22(6):841-844(in Chinese).
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    ZHANG Ch F, SUN J, JIAN Sh Sh, et al. A new mechanism to suppress the homogeneous gain broadening for stable multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber laser[J].Optics Communications, 2013, 288(2):97-100.
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    DONG J L, SUN J Q.Multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser based on frequency shift and polarization hole burning[J].Laser Technology, 2008, 32(2):210-214(in Chinese).
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    HE X K, HOU H, FENG L T, et al. Experimental study of 1550nm single frequency pulsed fiber laser amplifier[J]. Laser Technology, 2011, 35(2):146-151(in Chinese).
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    ZHANG X, LIU Y, HE Y, et al.Characteristics of eye-safe high repetition frequency narrow pulse width single mode all fiber laser[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering, 2015, 44(4):1105-1109(in Chinese).
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    SHINIZU M, HORIGUCHI M, YAMADA M, et al.Highly efficient integrated optical fiber amplifier module pumped by a 0.98nm laser diode[J].Electronics Letters, 1990, 26(8):498-501. doi: 10.1049/el:19900324
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    DU G G, CHEN G F, LIU D F. Theoretical Studies on the distribution of pump power for 980nm pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifier[J].Acta Photonica Sinica, 2000, 20(2):175-180(in Chinese).
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    ZHAO Zh Y. Theoretical and experimental study on high power photonics crystal fiber amplifier[D].Xi'an: Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Science, 2009: 18-22(in Chinese).
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Amplification characteristics of multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser amplifiers

    Corresponding author: ZHANG Entao, entaozhang@163.com
  • 1. Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2. School of Physics, Tonghua Normal University, Tonghua 134001, China

Abstract: In order to study amplification characteristics of a multi-wavelength erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), steady rate equation for a multi-wavelength Er-doped double cladding fiber amplifier was deduced based on a single frequency amplifier and ignoring the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). A theoretical model of EDFA was set up. The amplification characteristics of single wavelength amplification, dual wavelength amplification and four-wavelength amplification were numerically simulated and analyzed theoretically by using this model. The results indicate that, the optimum fiber length of the doped fiber amplifier is 8m in case of single wavelength injection. Unlike small signal amplification, the gain spectrum of a high-power EDFA tends to be flat in the range of 1530nm~1560nm. The difference of output power increases linearly with the increase of wavelength interval when double-wavelength signal laser is amplified by EDFA. While wavelength interval is 20nm, the maximum power difference of power balance compensation is 6.855W by adjusting the input signal power ratio. The minimum deviation of output power is 0.28W by adjusting the wavelength interval and power ratio parameter when four-wavelength signal laser is amplified by EDFA. And the gain equalization can be easily achieved within a certain range. The study will be helpful for multi-wavelength Er-doped fiber lasers and their application in laser Doppler radars.

引言
  • 掺铒光纤激光器具有结构简单、体积小、重量轻及成本低等优点。在光纤通信、激光测距、激光雷达、大气遥感等领域应用非常广泛。特别是在激光雷达、大气遥感等应用领域,需要单台激光器可以多个激光波长输出,来实现大气风场的快速、实时、高精度测量。因此,业界众多单位对多波长光纤激光器进行了深入研究。

    目前,国内外研究采用频移反馈[1-3]、非线性效应[4-8]、偏振烧孔效应[9-12]等多种方案,实现了多波长激光输出,在多波长激光的振荡产生方面取得了较多成果,但在激光雷达应用方面较为少见。反而是基于掺铒光纤放大器(Er-doped fiber amplifier, EDFA)的多波长激光放大方案,在应用中比较容易实现高功率、大脉冲能量的激光输出,在应用中优点突出,应用较多[13-14]。鉴于此,本文中基于掺铒光纤放大器,建立了多波长掺铒光纤放大速率方程,对多波长光纤激光的放大特性,均衡增益特性进行了研究。

1.   理论模型
  • 掺铒光纤放大器是Er3+在抽运源作用下,在掺铒光纤中出现了粒子数反转分布,产生了受激辐射,从而使光信号得到放大。抽运光通常选用980nm和1480nm的激光, 研究表明,发射波长为980nm的半导体激光器是掺铒光纤放大器的最佳抽运源[15], 因为980nm半导体激光器抽运源具有增益系数高、亮度高、功率大等优点。980nm激光抽运下的EDFA近似是一个三能级系统, 如图 1所示。

    Figure 1.  Energy level of erbium ions

    在980nm激光抽运作用下,基态Er3+4I15/2能级跃迁到4I11/2能级,该能级的不稳定性导致无辐射衰减,使粒子快速转移到4I13/2能级,形成粒子数反转。图中, τ32为N3能级移至N2能级的弛豫时间,τ21为N2能级移至N1能级的弛豫时间。由于铒离子第三能级的寿命(约1μs)远小于第二能级的寿命(约10ms),因此N3能级上的粒子数可近似为零,三能级系统可以用等效的二能级系统来描述[16]

    考虑信号光可以得到充分放大,即可以忽略放大自发辐射(amplified spontaneous emission, ASE)影响的情况。由激光器速率方程推导出发[17],可以导出单波长放大器稳态速率方程:

    在实际应用中更为需要研究多波长放大,对上述描述单频光纤放大器的稳态速率方程组进行拓展,考虑多个波长同时入射放大的情况, 上述(1)式中有关信号光的项,改为多个信号光功率叠加,(3)式中Ps(zλ)改为Ps(zλi),表示多波长放大器不同信号光入射时的传输方程方程[18],如下:

    式中,i不同代表不同的入射信号光数量,i=1,2,3…m; 当i=1时为一个信号光放大的情况,当i=2,3,4…时为多个信号光放大的情况; λp=980nm为抽运光波长;λi为第i个信号光波长;ΓsΓp分别为信号光和抽运光的功率填充因子;Pp+(z)和Pp-(z)分别为正向和反向传播的抽运光功率分布函数;Ps, i+(zλi)和Ps, i-(zλi)分别为正向和反向传播的对应波长λi信号光功率纵向分布函数;δa, p, δe, pδa, s(λi),δe, s(λi)分别为抽运光和对应波长λi信号光的吸收和发射截面;τ为上能级粒子寿命;A为光纤横截面积;h为普朗克常数;c为真空中的光速;αpαs分别为抽运光和信号光的损耗因子;N为掺杂浓度,N2(z)为上能级粒子数, νpνs, i分别是抽运光和信号激光的频率。(2)式、(4)式、(5)式即为描述多波长激光在掺铒光纤放大器的稳态速率方程组。

2.   数值计算
  • 基于上述理论模型,边界条件如图 2所示。在z=0处,有输入的种子功率为Ps, i的信号光和功率为Pf, p, 0的正向抽运光; 在z=L处,有功率为Pb, p, L的反向抽运光。

    Figure 2.  Boundary condition of steady-state rate equation of a fiber amplifier

    利用建立的理论模型对光纤放大器放大输出参量进行研究。计算中用到的参量[19]表 1

    symbol definition value
    N erbium concentration 1.0×1025m-3
    τ upper-level particle lifetime 10.8×10-3s
    δe, p(λi) pump emission cross-section 1.75×10-25m2
    δe, s(λi) signal emission cross-section 6.5×10-25m2
    δa, s signal aborsoption cross-section 7×10-25m2
    A fiber core area 5.8×10-10m2
    αs signal fiberattenuation coefficient 2×10-3m-1
    αp pump fiber attenuation coefficient 4×10-4m-1
    Γp pump filling factor 0.811
    Γs signal filling factor 0.6

    Table 1.  Physical parameters for theoretical calculations of amplifiers[19]

  • 首先,基于上述理论模型,带入边界条件,对(1)式~(3)式进行求解,对单波长激光进行放大研究,分析光纤长度对放大器放大效果的影响。双向抽运,当Ps=200mW、总的抽运功率Pp为15W,20W,30W、光纤放大器对1550nm的信号光放大时,输出激光在增益光纤长度不同时的变化的曲线为图 3

    Figure 3.  Relationship between output power and fiber length

    图 3可以看出, 光纤放大器对单个信号光进行放大,在光纤长度小于8m时,光纤放大器近似为线性放大,光纤长度超过8m后放大趋势趋缓,当光纤长度达到12m左右的时候,输出功率基本达到了近似饱和的状态,输出功率随光纤长度的增加而增大趋势趋缓。图 3中两条虚线是总的抽运功率Pp=20W、双向抽运时,抽运光变化特性曲线,8m时抽运光由10W变为0.46W,剩余4.6%, 说明抽运光在8m的光纤达到较为充分的吸收,8m光纤对抽运光的利用率相对较高。图 4为光纤长度为8m时,放大器输出功率随着抽运功率的变化曲线,可以看出当光纤长度为8m,信号光Ps=200mW时,输出功率随着抽运功率的增加呈线性变化。因此,本文中选择8m光纤长度对激光的放大特性进行研究。

    Figure 4.  Relationship between output power and pump power

  • 由于信号光的发射截面和吸收系数直接影响着掺铒光纤放大器的增益特性,对多波长光纤激光放大器,决定了每一路激光输出的多项性能指标,因此,本文中针对掺铒光纤激光放大器,分析了系统应用需求波段(1520nm~1580nm)的激光放大特性。

    在980nm波长抽运下、增益光纤长度L=8m时,分别研究了小信号情况下抽运功率Pp=150mW、输入信号光功率Ps=30μW及大信号情况下抽运功率Pp=20W、输入信号光功率Ps=200mW时,掺铒光纤放大器在1520nm~1580nm范围内的增益谱曲线,如图 5a图 5b所示。

    Figure 5.  Gain spectra of EDFA under different input conditions

    图 5看出,在不同的波长下对应的增益是不同的。对于图 5a小信号增益来说,EDFA的增益谱不平坦,其增益谱变化曲线与Er3+离子受激发射截面变化曲线相似,在1530nm附近增益谱有一个峰值,且在1530nm处的增益高出C波段其它波长数个dB,在1560nm处后增益急速下降。而对于图 5b来说,增益谱发生变化,在1530nm附近的增益峰消失,EDFA增益谱在1530nm~1570nm波段约40nm带宽范围内的不平坦度小于1dB,而平均信号增益仍有17dB左右。小信号增益条件下,掺铒光纤放大器的增益谱曲线不平坦,而对于大信号增益情况,掺铒光纤放大器的增益谱曲线在1530nm~1565nm波段相对平坦,增益稳定。该计算结果与参考文献[20]和参考文献[21]中的结果一致。

    本文中研究的情况为大功率掺铒光纤放大器,因此,与小信号放大不同,大信号放大情况,尤其多个波长激光同时放大时,增益特性会发生较大变化,必然使激光输出结果有较大不同,鉴于此,作者针对大功率多波长EDFA放大特性展开了深入研究。

  • 在实际应用中,更希望单台激光器可实现多波长激光输出。在研究多个波长激光放大之前,先对双波长激光放大进行了研究,并且希望双波长放大输出的两个激光达到功率均衡。然而相同信号光功率的不同波长放大增益特性有差异,不同光功率的信号光在放大器中的增益特性也不同,因此可以针对不同的激光波长,调节输入信号光功率来对输出激光进行一定程度的增益均衡。

  • 由于激光雷达信号光较多选取1540nm~1560nm之间的波段,因此本文中也将激光波长选择在该波段,参量选取光纤长度L=8m,双向抽运总功率Pp=20W, 两输入信号光Ps, 1=Ps, 2=100mW,波长间隔较大和波长间隔较小时分别选取一组双波长信号进行对比研究,即Δλ=λ2-λ1=20nm时,λ1=1540nm, λ2=1560nm;Δλ=2nm时,λ1=1540nm, λ2=1542nm。它们的放大输出特性分别如图 6所示。

    Figure 6.  Signal distribution along the fiber of dual-wavelength amplification

    在1540nm~1560nm波段,同样是双波长放大,输入两信号光功率均为100mW,图 6a中波长间隔Δλ=20nm时输出功率分别为9.842W和1.593W,图 6b中波长间隔Δλ=2nm时输出功率分别为4.946W和5.958W。两信号光波长不同,使得两波长输出功率有差异。而两信号光的波长差Δλ值大小不同,最终的激光输出差值ΔP大小也不同,例如Δλ=20nm和Δλ=2nm,输出激光的各自功率差ΔP分别为8.249W和1.012W,波长差值大的两束激光的输出功率的差值也相对较大。两个信号光进入放大器同时进行放大,掺铒光纤的增益由两个波长共享,这样不可避免的会产生增益竞争,发生增益竞争的程度受两个波长的吸收发射截面的差异影响。如果两个波长比较接近,则吸收发射截面相差不大,使得两束光在光纤中形成差距较小的增益竞争,输出功率相差不大;如果两个信号波长相差较大,则它们的吸收发射截面也会相差较大,使得两束光在光纤形成差距较大的增益竞争, 输出功率相差较大。

    为了进一步分析多波长EDFA的增益特性,本文中选取两组波长,进一步研究不同波长间隔对于输出功率的影响。选取λ1=1530nm,λ2为1530nm~1560nm之间任一波长,Δλ=λ2-λ1与双波长激光输出功率差的变化曲线,如图 7所示。

    Figure 7.  ΔP vs. Δλ

    可以看出,在1530nm~1560nm波段,双波长放大输出功率差ΔP随波长差Δλ呈线性变化,这是因为EDFA在大信号情况下在1530nm~1560nm之间增益谱趋于平坦,增益稳定,如图 5b所示。

  • 在实际应用中需要多个波长的激光各自的输出功率在一定的偏差之内,这就需要对各个波长激光进行控制增益。而调节输入信号功率会对输出激光进行一定程度的功率均衡。为此研究了两信号光波长分别为λ1=1540nm, λ2=1560nm,在输入总功率均为200mW条件下,不同信号光输入功率比条件下,输出功率的差值变化,如图 8所示。

    Figure 8.  ΔP vs. signal power ratio

    图 8中可以看出,随着功率比从1增大到4时,功率差ΔP从8.249W变化到1.394W。通过调节信号输入光功率,可以实现最大功率差6.855W的功率均衡补偿,但是功率补偿不是无限制的,有一定的范围。信号光功率越大,对上能级反转粒子数的消耗越大,在与功率小的另外的信号光对上能级反转粒子数的竞争中占优势,即大功率的信号光可以在一定程度上抑制小功率的信号光,也就是信号光功率配比不同导致在放大器中的增益配比不同,可以调节输出增益均衡。合适的功率比可以在一定范围内对输出激光进行增益平坦。

  • 在实际应用中需要更多波长的激光,例如激光测风雷达中需要3束~4束激光对风场进行多角度、固定式实时扫描,基于此作者研究了四波长情况下放大器的放大特性,并通过信号光配比对输出功率进行了均衡调制。

    图 9为四波长时基于掺铒光纤放大器的放大特性图。采用双向抽运,光纤长度8m,抽运总功率Pp=20W,4个波长分别为λ1=1540nm, λ2=1545nm,λ3=1550nm, λ4=1555nm,波长间隔Δλ=5nm,信号光输入功率均为100mW,最终的4个波长输出功率分别为4.73W,3.24W,2.21W,1.51W,结果显示输出最大功率和最小功率的偏差为3.22W,相差很大。在实际应用中,只能通过功率衰减的方法对输出激光功率进行均衡控制,不利于节能、提高激光转换效率。因此可采用调节信号输入光功率的方法,对信号光功率进行初始化设计,实现输出激光的功率均衡控制。

    Figure 9.  Four wavelength amplification characteristics with the same input signal power

    当把输入信号光功率调节为Ps, 1=50mW,Ps, 2=70mW,Ps, 3=110mW,Ps, 4=170mW时,如图 10所示。通过信号光功率不同分配比最终4个波长的输出功率分别为3.23W,2.95W,3.01W,3.03W。与图 9对比发现,经过信号功率配比之后的四波长激光输出功率最大偏差为0.28W,相差很小,在一定范围内实现了均衡增益。

    Figure 10.  Four wavelength amplification characteristics with different input signal powers

3.   结论
  • 基于掺铒光纤放大器理论模型,对单波长放大、多波长放大放大特性进行了研究。确定了单波长放大的增益光纤的较优光纤长度为8m。研究了多波长EDFA增益谱的特性,结果表明,与小信号放大不同,大功率EDFA在1530nm~1560nm之间增益谱趋于平坦,增益稳定。对于双波长掺铒光纤放大器,波长间隔不同时,两信号在放大器中的增益不同,输出功率差不同,波长差越大,两个信号光的输出功率差越大, 调整合适的输入功率比,可以在一定程度上进行增益均衡补偿。四波长掺铒光纤放大器与双波长放大类似,当入射信号光功率相同时,4个输出激光之间相差很大,合适的功率比可以对波长间隔导致的功率输出不均衡进行一定范围的补偿调节,实现四波长放大的功率相对均衡输出。本文中的分析讨论为激光雷达多波长激光应用提供了理论参考。

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