Progress of laser-arc hybrid welding and its applications in automotive body manufacture

SONG Xinhua; JIN Xiangzhong; CHEN Shengqian; YUAN Jiang; ZHANG Mingjun

doi:10.7510/jgjs.issn.1001-3806.2015.02.024

Volume 39 Issue 2

Dec. 2014

Article Contents

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Article Navigation > LASER TECHNOLOGY > 2015 > 39(2): 259-265

Citation:

Progress of laser-arc hybrid welding and its applications in automotive body manufacture

1.
Department of Aerospace Engineering, Zhangjiajie Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Zhangjiajie 427000, China;
2.
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

Corresponding author: JIN Xiangzhong, jin9000xz@hotmail.com ;
Received Date: 2014-01-16
Accepted Date: 2014-04-15

Abstract

Laser-arc hybrid welding, integrating the advantages of laser welding process and arc welding, is a new, high-quality welding technology which can be widely used in industry. Firstly, the characteristics of laser-arc hybrid welding, and laser-arc interaction were introduced. Secondly, the research progress of the general laser-arc hybrid welding technologies was reviewed. Finally, the applications of laser-arc hybrid welding technologies in automotive body manufacture were described.
- laser technique,
- hybrid welding,
- research progress,
- automotive body

References

[1]	STEEN W M, EBOO M. Arc augmented laser welding [J]. Metal Construction, 1979, 11(7): 332-335.
[2]	STEEN W M. Arc augmented laser processing of materials [J]. Journal of Application Physics, 1980, 51(11): 5636-5641.
[3]	TUSEK J, SUBAN M. Hybrid welding with arc and laser beam [J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 1999, 4(5): 308-311.
[4]	ONO M, SHINBO Y, YOSHITAKE A, et al. Development of laser-arc hybrid welding [J]. NKK Technology Review, 2002, 86(1): 8-12.
[5]	BAGGER C, OLSEN F O. Review of laser hybrid welding [J]. Journal of Laser Applications, 2005, 17(1): 2-14.
[6]	HU B, DEN G. Laser induced stabilization of the welding arc [J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2005, 10(1): 76-81.
[7]	GAO M, ZENG X Y, YAN J. CO2 laser-pulsed MAG hybrid welding of mild steel. Laser Technology, 2006, 30(5): 498-500(in Chinese).
[8]	CHEN Y B, LI L Q, WU L. Quantitative measurement of absorption and defocusing of laser beam by electric arc [J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2003, 24(3): 56-58(in Chinese).
[9]	LI F. Application of laser hybrid welding and laser brazing in VW-Phaeton and Audi A8 [J]. Machinist Metal Forming, 2008(14): 31-34(in Chinese).
[10]	JEFF D. Practical applications for hybrid laser welding [J]. Welding Journal, 2007, 86(10): 47-51.
[11]	YUAN X C, ZHAO H, WANG P P. Research and application of laser arc hybrid welding technology [J]. Welding Technology, 2010, 39(5): 2-7(in Chinese).
[12]	CHEN Y B, LEI Z L, LI L Q, et al. Welding characteristics in different laser-TIG hybrid manners [J]. China Welding, 2004, 13(1): 41-45.
[13]	PAGE C J, DEVERMANN B J, BLUNDELL N. Plasma augmented laser welding and its applications [J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2002, 7(1): 1-10.
[14]	JIN X, BERGER P, GRAF T. Multiple reflections and Fresnel absorption in an actual 3-D keyhole during deep penetration laser welding [J]. Journal of Physics, 2006, D39(21): 4703.
[15]	CHENG Y, JIN X, LI S, et al. Fresnel absorption and inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in an actual 3-D keyhole during deep penetration CO2 laser welding of aluminum 6016 [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2012, 44(5): 1426-1436.
[16]	RIBIC B, RAI R, DEBROY T. Numerical simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in GTA/laser hybrid welding [J]. Science and Technology of Welding & Joining, 2008, 13(8): 683-693.
[17]	RAYES M, WALZ C, SEPOLD G. The influence of various hybrid welding parameters on bead geometry [J]. Welding Journal, 2004, 83(5): 147 -153.
[18]	SIEMROTH P, SCHEIBE H J. The method of laser-sustained arc ignition [J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 1990, 18(6): 911-916.
[19]	WEBSTER S. Hyblas: economical and safe laser hybrid welding of structural steel-final report [M]. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General for Research Information and Communication Unit European Commission, 2009:2-10.
[20]	WEBSTER S, KRISTENSEN J K, PETRING D. Joining of thick section steels using hybrid laser welding [J]. Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 2008, 35(7): 496-504.
[21]	WESTIN E M, STELLING K, GUMENYUK A. Single-pass laser-GMA hybrid welding of 13.5mm thick duplex stainless steel [J]. Welding in the World, 2011, 55(1/2): 39-49.
[22]	NORMAN P M, KARLSSON J, KAPLAN A F H. Mechanisms forming undercuts during laser hybrid arc welding [J]. Physics Procedia, 2011, 12(1): 201-207.
[23]	MORADI M, GHOREISHI M, FROSTEVARG J, et al. An investigation on stability of laser hybrid arc welding [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2013, 51(4): 481-487.
[24]	LAMAS J, KARLSSON J, NORMAN P, et al. The effect of fit-up geometry on melt flow and weld quality in laser hybrid welding [J]. Journal of Laser Applications, 2013, 25(3): 032010.
[25]	DENNEY P E, FALLARA P M, BROWN L E. Hybrid laser weld development for shipbuilding applications [C]// Proceedings of Ship Production Symposium and Expo. Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA: Ship Production Symposium and Expo, 2002: 25-27.
[26]	SUGA T, MURAI Y, KOBASHI T, et al. Research on laser-arc hybrid welding of Ht780 steel [J]. Welding in the World, 2012, 56(11/12): 105-118.
[27]	WALLACE J. Materials processing:100kW fiber laser, power meter serve industry.Laser Focus World, 2013, 49(12): 13-14.
[28]	LEI Z, QIN G L, LIN Sh Y, et al. Fusion-brazing joining for dissimilar metals between 5A02 aluminium alloy and zinc-coated steel based on laser-MIG hybrid welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2009, 45(3): 94-98 (in Chinese).
[29]	LIN Sh Y. Laser arc welding new technology and application[C]//The Second Civil Aircraft Manufacturing Technology and Equipment Forum. Beijing, China: Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society, 2010: 1-2 (in Chinese).
[30]	WANG W, LIN S Y, WANG X Y, et al. Double electric conduction mechanism of Nd:YAG laser-pulse MAG hybrid welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2012, 39(2): 50-59(in Chinese).
[31]	GAO M, ZENG X Y, YAN J, et al. Heat sources interaction of laser-arc hybrid welding [J]. Laser Technology, 2007, 31(5): 465-468 (in Chinese).
[32]	GAO M. Study on technology, mechanism and quality controlling of CO2 laser-arc hybrid welding [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 2007: 124-125(in Chinese).
[33]	YAN J. Study on Technology, Defects and joint quality by fiber laser- arc hybrid welding high strength aluminum alloys [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 2011: 25-102(in Chinese).
[34]	WANG J. Study on the technology and plasma behaviour during the fiber laser and laser hybrid welding of aluminum alloy [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology,2012: 139-141(in Chinese).
[35]	KANG L, HUANG R S, LIU L M, et al. Low-power YAG laser-MAG arc hybrid welding of stainless steel [J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2007, 28(11): 69-72(in Chinese).
[36]	LIU L, HUANG R, SONG G, et al. Behavior and spectrum analysis of welding arc in low-power YAG-laser-MAG hybrid-welding process [J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2008, 36(4): 1937-1943.
[37]	LIU F D, ZHANG H, WANG Y Q, et al. Influence of area energy for welding seam and droplet transfer on hybrid laser-arc welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2012, 48(14): 84-90(in Chinese).
[38]	LIU F D, ZHANG H, DU S Y, et al. Influence of laser power on arc and droplet behaviors in droplets on CO2 laser-MAG arc hybrid welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2013, 49(4): 75-82(in Chinese).
[39]	DILTHEY U, WIESSCHEMANN U. Perspectives offered by combining and coupling laser beam and arc welding [J]. Welding International, 2002, 16(9): 711-719.
[40]	ARIAS J L, ROMERO P, VANDEWYNCKELE A, et al. Laser-TIG hybrid welding of very thin austenitic stainless steel sheets [C] // Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics. Orlando, FL, USA: Laser Institute of America, 2005: 104-107.
[41]	NAITO Y, MIZUTANI M, KATAYAMA S. Penetration characteristics in YAG laser and TIG arc hybrid welding, and arc and plasma/plume behaviour during welding. Welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (First Report) [J]. Welding International, 2006, 20(10): 777-784.
[42]	CHEN Y B, CHEN J, LI L Q, et al. Properties of arc and weld in laser-TIG hybrid process [J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2003, 24(1): 55-56(in Chinese).
[43]	TAN C, LI L, CHEN Y, et al. Laser-tungsten inert gas hybrid welding of dissimilar metals AZ31B Mg alloys to Zn coated steel [J]. Materials & Design, 2013, 49: 766-773.
[44]	LIU L, CHEN M, LI C. Effect of electric arc on laser keyhole behavior based on direct observation during low power pulsed laser-arc hybrid welding process [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2013, 51(10): 1153-1160.
[45]	LIU L M, YUAN S T, LI C B. Effect of relative location of laser beam and TIG arc in different hybrid welding modes [J]. Science and Technology of Welding & Joining, 2012, 17(6): 441-446.
[46]	XIAO R Sh, WU S K. Progress on laser-arc hybrid welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2008, 35(11): 1680-1685(in Chinese).
[47]	ZHANG Y, LI S C, JIN X Z, et al. Research on the key technology of laser welding of galvanized steel [J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2010(7): 37-45(in Chinese).
[48]	MEI L F, CHEN G Y, JIN X Z, et al. Study on fiber laser overlap-welding of automobile aluminum alloy [J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2010, 37(8): 2091-2097(in Chinese).
[49]	YANG S, CARLSON B, KOVACEVIC R. Laser welding of high-strength galvanized steels in a gap-free lap joint configuration under different shielding conditions [J]. Welding Journal, 2011, 90(1): 8-18.
[50]	KUJANPÄÄ V. Short overview of laser applications in automotive manufacturing [C] // Pro-Factory Brokerage Meeting. Gothenburg, Sweden: EUREKA, 2008: 10-11.
[51]	STAUFER H, RUHRNOSSL M, MIESSBACHER G. Laser hybrid welding and laser brazing: state of the art in technology and practice by examples of Audi A8 and VW-Phaeton [C] // Proceedings of the Third International WLT Conference on Lasers in Manufacturing. Stuttgart, Germany: AT-Fachverlag, 2005: 203-208.
[52]	THOMY C, VOLLERTSEN F. Laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminium to steel-effect of process parameters on joint properties [J]. Welding in the World, 2012, 56(5/6): 124-132.
[53]	QIN G L, SU Y H, WANG S J. Microstructures and properties of pulsed MIG arc brazeing-fusion welding joint of Al alloy and galvanized steel [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2012, 48(8): 1018-1024.
[54]	LEI Z, QIN G L, LIN S Y, et al. Fusion-brazing joining for dissimilar metals between 5A02 aluminium alloy and zinc-coated steel based on laser-MIG hybrid welding [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2009, 45(3): 94-98.

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

1.
沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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Progress of laser-arc hybrid welding and its applications in automotive body manufacture

Corresponding author: JIN Xiangzhong, jin9000xz@hotmail.com;

1. Department of Aerospace Engineering, Zhangjiajie Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Zhangjiajie 427000, China;

2. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China

Received Date: 2014-01-16

Accepted Date: 2014-04-15

Available Online: 2015-03-25

Abstract: Laser-arc hybrid welding, integrating the advantages of laser welding process and arc welding, is a new, high-quality welding technology which can be widely used in industry. Firstly, the characteristics of laser-arc hybrid welding, and laser-arc interaction were introduced. Secondly, the research progress of the general laser-arc hybrid welding technologies was reviewed. Finally, the applications of laser-arc hybrid welding technologies in automotive body manufacture were described.

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Reference (54)

[1]	STEEN W M, EBOO M. Arc augmented laser welding [J]. Metal Construction, 1979, 11(7): 332-335.
[2]	STEEN W M. Arc augmented laser processing of materials [J]. Journal of Application Physics, 1980, 51(11): 5636-5641.
[3]	TUSEK J, SUBAN M. Hybrid welding with arc and laser beam [J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 1999, 4(5): 308-311.
[4]	ONO M, SHINBO Y, YOSHITAKE A, et al. Development of laser-arc hybrid welding [J]. NKK Technology Review, 2002, 86(1): 8-12.
[5]	BAGGER C, OLSEN F O. Review of laser hybrid welding [J]. Journal of Laser Applications, 2005, 17(1): 2-14.
[6]	HU B, DEN G. Laser induced stabilization of the welding arc [J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2005, 10(1): 76-81.
[7]	GAO M, ZENG X Y, YAN J. CO2 laser-pulsed MAG hybrid welding of mild steel. Laser Technology, 2006, 30(5): 498-500(in Chinese).
[8]	CHEN Y B, LI L Q, WU L. Quantitative measurement of absorption and defocusing of laser beam by electric arc [J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2003, 24(3): 56-58(in Chinese).
[9]	LI F. Application of laser hybrid welding and laser brazing in VW-Phaeton and Audi A8 [J]. Machinist Metal Forming, 2008(14): 31-34(in Chinese).
[10]	JEFF D. Practical applications for hybrid laser welding [J]. Welding Journal, 2007, 86(10): 47-51.
[11]	YUAN X C, ZHAO H, WANG P P. Research and application of laser arc hybrid welding technology [J]. Welding Technology, 2010, 39(5): 2-7(in Chinese).
[12]	CHEN Y B, LEI Z L, LI L Q, et al. Welding characteristics in different laser-TIG hybrid manners [J]. China Welding, 2004, 13(1): 41-45.
[13]	PAGE C J, DEVERMANN B J, BLUNDELL N. Plasma augmented laser welding and its applications [J]. Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, 2002, 7(1): 1-10.
[14]	JIN X, BERGER P, GRAF T. Multiple reflections and Fresnel absorption in an actual 3-D keyhole during deep penetration laser welding [J]. Journal of Physics, 2006, D39(21): 4703.
[15]	CHENG Y, JIN X, LI S, et al. Fresnel absorption and inverse bremsstrahlung absorption in an actual 3-D keyhole during deep penetration CO2 laser welding of aluminum 6016 [J]. Optics & Laser Technology, 2012, 44(5): 1426-1436.
[16]	RIBIC B, RAI R, DEBROY T. Numerical simulation of heat transfer and fluid flow in GTA/laser hybrid welding [J]. Science and Technology of Welding & Joining, 2008, 13(8): 683-693.
[17]	RAYES M, WALZ C, SEPOLD G. The influence of various hybrid welding parameters on bead geometry [J]. Welding Journal, 2004, 83(5): 147 -153.
[18]	SIEMROTH P, SCHEIBE H J. The method of laser-sustained arc ignition [J]. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 1990, 18(6): 911-916.
[19]	WEBSTER S. Hyblas: economical and safe laser hybrid welding of structural steel-final report [M]. Brussels, Belgium: Directorate-General for Research Information and Communication Unit European Commission, 2009:2-10.
[20]	WEBSTER S, KRISTENSEN J K, PETRING D. Joining of thick section steels using hybrid laser welding [J]. Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 2008, 35(7): 496-504.
[21]	WESTIN E M, STELLING K, GUMENYUK A. Single-pass laser-GMA hybrid welding of 13.5mm thick duplex stainless steel [J]. Welding in the World, 2011, 55(1/2): 39-49.
[22]	NORMAN P M, KARLSSON J, KAPLAN A F H. Mechanisms forming undercuts during laser hybrid arc welding [J]. Physics Procedia, 2011, 12(1): 201-207.
[23]	MORADI M, GHOREISHI M, FROSTEVARG J, et al. An investigation on stability of laser hybrid arc welding [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2013, 51(4): 481-487.
[24]	LAMAS J, KARLSSON J, NORMAN P, et al. The effect of fit-up geometry on melt flow and weld quality in laser hybrid welding [J]. Journal of Laser Applications, 2013, 25(3): 032010.
[25]	DENNEY P E, FALLARA P M, BROWN L E. Hybrid laser weld development for shipbuilding applications [C]// Proceedings of Ship Production Symposium and Expo. Ypsilanti, Michigan, USA: Ship Production Symposium and Expo, 2002: 25-27.
[26]	SUGA T, MURAI Y, KOBASHI T, et al. Research on laser-arc hybrid welding of Ht780 steel [J]. Welding in the World, 2012, 56(11/12): 105-118.
[27]	WALLACE J. Materials processing:100kW fiber laser, power meter serve industry.Laser Focus World, 2013, 49(12): 13-14.
[28]	LEI Z, QIN G L, LIN Sh Y, et al. Fusion-brazing joining for dissimilar metals between 5A02 aluminium alloy and zinc-coated steel based on laser-MIG hybrid welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2009, 45(3): 94-98 (in Chinese).
[29]	LIN Sh Y. Laser arc welding new technology and application[C]//The Second Civil Aircraft Manufacturing Technology and Equipment Forum. Beijing, China: Chinese Mechanical Engineering Society, 2010: 1-2 (in Chinese).
[30]	WANG W, LIN S Y, WANG X Y, et al. Double electric conduction mechanism of Nd:YAG laser-pulse MAG hybrid welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2012, 39(2): 50-59(in Chinese).
[31]	GAO M, ZENG X Y, YAN J, et al. Heat sources interaction of laser-arc hybrid welding [J]. Laser Technology, 2007, 31(5): 465-468 (in Chinese).
[32]	GAO M. Study on technology, mechanism and quality controlling of CO2 laser-arc hybrid welding [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 2007: 124-125(in Chinese).
[33]	YAN J. Study on Technology, Defects and joint quality by fiber laser- arc hybrid welding high strength aluminum alloys [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 2011: 25-102(in Chinese).
[34]	WANG J. Study on the technology and plasma behaviour during the fiber laser and laser hybrid welding of aluminum alloy [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science & Technology,2012: 139-141(in Chinese).
[35]	KANG L, HUANG R S, LIU L M, et al. Low-power YAG laser-MAG arc hybrid welding of stainless steel [J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2007, 28(11): 69-72(in Chinese).
[36]	LIU L, HUANG R, SONG G, et al. Behavior and spectrum analysis of welding arc in low-power YAG-laser-MAG hybrid-welding process [J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2008, 36(4): 1937-1943.
[37]	LIU F D, ZHANG H, WANG Y Q, et al. Influence of area energy for welding seam and droplet transfer on hybrid laser-arc welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2012, 48(14): 84-90(in Chinese).
[38]	LIU F D, ZHANG H, DU S Y, et al. Influence of laser power on arc and droplet behaviors in droplets on CO2 laser-MAG arc hybrid welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2013, 49(4): 75-82(in Chinese).
[39]	DILTHEY U, WIESSCHEMANN U. Perspectives offered by combining and coupling laser beam and arc welding [J]. Welding International, 2002, 16(9): 711-719.
[40]	ARIAS J L, ROMERO P, VANDEWYNCKELE A, et al. Laser-TIG hybrid welding of very thin austenitic stainless steel sheets [C] // Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Applications of Lasers and Electro-Optics. Orlando, FL, USA: Laser Institute of America, 2005: 104-107.
[41]	NAITO Y, MIZUTANI M, KATAYAMA S. Penetration characteristics in YAG laser and TIG arc hybrid welding, and arc and plasma/plume behaviour during welding. Welding phenomena in hybrid welding using YAG laser and TIG arc (First Report) [J]. Welding International, 2006, 20(10): 777-784.
[42]	CHEN Y B, CHEN J, LI L Q, et al. Properties of arc and weld in laser-TIG hybrid process [J]. Transactions of the China Welding Institution, 2003, 24(1): 55-56(in Chinese).
[43]	TAN C, LI L, CHEN Y, et al. Laser-tungsten inert gas hybrid welding of dissimilar metals AZ31B Mg alloys to Zn coated steel [J]. Materials & Design, 2013, 49: 766-773.
[44]	LIU L, CHEN M, LI C. Effect of electric arc on laser keyhole behavior based on direct observation during low power pulsed laser-arc hybrid welding process [J]. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 2013, 51(10): 1153-1160.
[45]	LIU L M, YUAN S T, LI C B. Effect of relative location of laser beam and TIG arc in different hybrid welding modes [J]. Science and Technology of Welding & Joining, 2012, 17(6): 441-446.
[46]	XIAO R Sh, WU S K. Progress on laser-arc hybrid welding [J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2008, 35(11): 1680-1685(in Chinese).
[47]	ZHANG Y, LI S C, JIN X Z, et al. Research on the key technology of laser welding of galvanized steel [J]. Laser & Optoelectronics Progress, 2010(7): 37-45(in Chinese).
[48]	MEI L F, CHEN G Y, JIN X Z, et al. Study on fiber laser overlap-welding of automobile aluminum alloy [J]. Chinese Journal of Lasers, 2010, 37(8): 2091-2097(in Chinese).
[49]	YANG S, CARLSON B, KOVACEVIC R. Laser welding of high-strength galvanized steels in a gap-free lap joint configuration under different shielding conditions [J]. Welding Journal, 2011, 90(1): 8-18.
[50]	KUJANPÄÄ V. Short overview of laser applications in automotive manufacturing [C] // Pro-Factory Brokerage Meeting. Gothenburg, Sweden: EUREKA, 2008: 10-11.
[51]	STAUFER H, RUHRNOSSL M, MIESSBACHER G. Laser hybrid welding and laser brazing: state of the art in technology and practice by examples of Audi A8 and VW-Phaeton [C] // Proceedings of the Third International WLT Conference on Lasers in Manufacturing. Stuttgart, Germany: AT-Fachverlag, 2005: 203-208.
[52]	THOMY C, VOLLERTSEN F. Laser-MIG hybrid welding of aluminium to steel-effect of process parameters on joint properties [J]. Welding in the World, 2012, 56(5/6): 124-132.
[53]	QIN G L, SU Y H, WANG S J. Microstructures and properties of pulsed MIG arc brazeing-fusion welding joint of Al alloy and galvanized steel [J]. Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 2012, 48(8): 1018-1024.
[54]	LEI Z, QIN G L, LIN S Y, et al. Fusion-brazing joining for dissimilar metals between 5A02 aluminium alloy and zinc-coated steel based on laser-MIG hybrid welding [J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2009, 45(3): 94-98.

Progress of laser-arc hybrid welding and its applications in automotive body manufacture

Abstract

References

Proportional views

通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

Proportional views