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Volume 43 Issue 6
Nov.  2019
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1064nm single-frequency fiber lasers based on MOPA structure

  • Corresponding author: XUE Junwen, xuejunwen001@126.com
  • Received Date: 2018-12-30
    Accepted Date: 2019-01-08
  • In order to suppress the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect and increase the amplification power of single frequency narrow linewidth seed source, master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) structure was adopted. Fiber length, core diameter and pumping parameters were optimized. Optical output of 42W signal at 1064nm was realized. In the experiment, the first stage amplification used 914nm semiconductor laser as pumping source with gain fiber core diameter of 10μm and length of 8m. The second stage amplifier used 976nm semiconductor laser as the pumping source with gain fiber core diameter of 20μm and length of 2.4m. When seed power is 40mW, pump power of the first stage amplification is 6.8W and pump power of the second stage amplification is 85W, optical output 42W of the signal at 1064nm was obtained. The results show that light-to-light conversion efficiency is about 49.4%, polarization extinction ratio is 27.5dB; central wavelength of output signal light is 1064.5nm, and linewidth is about 70MHz. Single-frequency characteristics of seed light are maintained. Stimulated Brillouin scattering is not observed at 42W continuous output. Continuous increase of pump power is expected to achieve higher power amplification.
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    沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

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1064nm single-frequency fiber lasers based on MOPA structure

    Corresponding author: XUE Junwen, xuejunwen001@126.com
  • 1. School of Optoelectronic, Beijing Institue of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Photo-electronic Imaging Technology and System (Zhuhai Branch) of Ministry of Education of China, Beijing Institute of Technology, Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519088, China

Abstract: In order to suppress the stimulated Brillouin scattering effect and increase the amplification power of single frequency narrow linewidth seed source, master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) structure was adopted. Fiber length, core diameter and pumping parameters were optimized. Optical output of 42W signal at 1064nm was realized. In the experiment, the first stage amplification used 914nm semiconductor laser as pumping source with gain fiber core diameter of 10μm and length of 8m. The second stage amplifier used 976nm semiconductor laser as the pumping source with gain fiber core diameter of 20μm and length of 2.4m. When seed power is 40mW, pump power of the first stage amplification is 6.8W and pump power of the second stage amplification is 85W, optical output 42W of the signal at 1064nm was obtained. The results show that light-to-light conversion efficiency is about 49.4%, polarization extinction ratio is 27.5dB; central wavelength of output signal light is 1064.5nm, and linewidth is about 70MHz. Single-frequency characteristics of seed light are maintained. Stimulated Brillouin scattering is not observed at 42W continuous output. Continuous increase of pump power is expected to achieve higher power amplification.

引言
  • 光纤激光器具有体积小、易维护、光束质量高和免调节的优点,广泛应用于光纤通信、汽车制造、雕刻、打标和激光切割等领域[1-4]。作为光纤激光技术领域一个重要的分支,单频激光器除了上述优点外,还具有超窄光谱线宽、超长相干长度等特征,在引力波探测、相干激光雷达和非线性频率转换等领域有着重要的应用前景。单频光纤激光器一般采用线性短腔和环形腔结构[5]。2012年,华南理工大学的ZHANG等人报道了一种输出波长为1080nm的分布布喇格反射(distributed Bragg reflection,DBR)短腔单频光纤激光器,最大功率达到90mW[6]。2016年,天津大学的SHI等人基于石英玻璃光纤的光纤激光系统,实现了930nm到2μm波段的单纵模运转[7]。光纤线性短腔和环形腔在一定程度上受谐振腔长度、光纤芯径、损伤阈值和调模现象等因素影响,难以实现高功率稳定输出。主振荡功率放大器(master oscillator power amplifier,MOPA)结构具有将窄线宽的小功率种子光进行放大的作用,输出光特性可由种子光进行控制,可实现单频窄线宽激光的高功率稳定输出[8-9]。此外,全光纤MOPA结构可实现模块化,能对多种窄线宽种子源进行放大。在MOPA光纤激光器的实现中,输出光的光束质量和输出功率受到多种因素的约束。其中,放大自发辐射(amplified spontaneous emission,ASE)和自激振荡对输出光的光束质量有显著的影响,而受激布里渊散射(stimulated Brillouin scattering,SBS)则主要限制激光的高功率输出。如何抑制SBS、尽量减少ASE和自激振荡对输出光的影响是光纤激光器实现高功率放大的关键技术之一[10-12]

    本课题组采用自制1064nm环形激光器作为种子源,利用两级放大结构,通过对光纤长度、光纤纤芯和抽运参量的优化,一定程度上抑制了ASE、自激振荡和SBS对输出光质量和功率的影响,实现了功率为42W、线宽约为70MHz的1064nm激光连续输出。

1.   基于MOPA结构的光纤激光器设计
  • 实验中所用MOPA结构的掺Yb保偏光纤激光器的实验装置如图 1所示。其中,种子源采用单频环形激光器,输出波长为1064nm,最大输出功率为2.75W,光谱线宽约为66.7MHz[13]。放大器部分为两级放大结构,一级放大采用10W的914nm LD作为抽运源,增益光纤为8m掺Yb光纤(ytterbium-doped fiber,YDF),光纤纤芯和包层的直径分别为10μm和130μm,吸收系数为1.3dB/m;二级放大采用两个50W的976nm锁波长LD作为抽运源,增益光纤为2.4m掺Yb光纤,光纤纤芯和包层直径分别为20μm和130μm,吸收系数为3.5dB/m。由环形固体激光器输出的种子光经准直、聚焦后耦合进无源光纤中,再经隔离器和合束器的信号端进入双包层掺Yb光纤中。抽运光则经合束器抽运端进入光纤中。这里的隔离器用来避免反向传输的激光对种子源造成损伤。从一级放大输出的种子光经过隔离器和合束器后,进入二级放大增益光纤中,由976nm抽运光进行抽运放大,再经剥模器和端帽后输出。与剥模器一端熔接的输出端帽被切割成8°角,用来抑制自激振荡。此外,各分立器件之间用保偏熔接机FMS100P+进行熔接,实现了放大器系统的全光纤化[14]

    Figure 1.  1064nm Yb-doped fiber laser based on MOPA structure

  • 在光纤MOPA结构中,单频窄线宽连续信号光的输出功率主要受限于SBS。光纤中的SBS阈值受光纤长度、光纤的纤芯直径和损耗等因素的影响[15-17]。SBS的抽运能量的阈值可以用下式表示:

    式中,gB是布里渊增益的峰值,Aeff是有效纤芯截面积,leff是有效相互作用长度。从(1)式可知,对于一般低损耗的单模光纤,光纤长度达20km左右,阈值将低至数毫瓦[18]。实验中采用减小光纤长度、增大光纤纤芯直径和提高光纤吸收系数等方法来抑制SBS。

    一级和二级放大结构采用不同波长的半导体激光器作为抽运源。976nm和914nm都可以作为掺Yb光纤的抽运波长,但二者在抽运效率、所需增益光纤和冷却能力等方面存在显著差异。与914nm抽运场合相比,976nm的吸收系数是914nm的3倍左右,抽运效率高于914nm。因此,若要达到相同的抽运功率吸收效果,914nm抽运场合用到的增益光纤要比976nm的长。另外,914nm附近的吸收带比较宽,波长的稳定性对抽运效果的影响较小。而976nm的吸收带比较窄,抽运波长稳定性对输出功率的影响显著。在一级放大中,所用增益光纤在914nm的吸收系数为1.3dB/m,为保证抽运吸收率高达90%以上,需要8m以上的增益光纤。虽然一级放大用到的增益光纤较长,但一级放大只需将毫瓦量级的种子光放到数瓦,所需抽运功率低于SBS阈值,一般不会出现受激布里渊散射[19]。在二级放大中选用的976nm抽运源为锁波长半导体激光器,具有976nm波长锁定的特点,避免因抽运波长的不稳定而导致输出功率大幅度波动。二级放大与一级放大相比,增益光纤长度短、光纤直径大,可抑制连续光高功率放大时常见的受激布里渊散射。

2.   实验结果及分析
  • 实验中,将种子源抽运功率设置为1W,此时种子源的的输出功率为100mW,经非球面镜耦合进无源光纤后,种子光的功率为40mW,耦合效率为40%。为了模拟小功率、单频窄线宽种子源,验证小功率LD种子源放大的可行性,种子源的输出功率设置得较小。在此条件下,测得一级光纤放大器的阈值抽运功率为1.42W。继续增大抽运功率,信号光输出功率随抽运功率的增加而增大,且增长趋势近似为线性。当抽运光功率为6.8W时,输出功率约为3.6W。一级放大的输出功率与抽运功率关系曲线如图 2所示。进行一级放大后,熔接二级放大。将一级放大抽运功率稳定在6.8W,一级放大向二级放大提供的种子光功率约为3.5W。此时,测得二级放大器的阈值抽运功率为6.3W,继续增加抽运功率,输出功率随抽运功率线性增加。在抽运功率约为85W时,二级放大输出信号的功率达42W。图 3所示是二级放大输出功率与抽运功率的关系曲线。从图中可以看出,当抽运光小于12.5W时,信号光功率随抽运功率的增大而缓慢增加,当抽运功率超过20W后,信号光功率增长速率明显增大。考虑到LD的使用寿命,没有继续加大抽运功率。

    Figure 2.  1064nm laser output power vs. the launched pump power for the pre-amplifier

    Figure 3.  1064nm laser output power vs. the launched pump power for the second amplifier

    在激光器稳定输出后,用F-P扫描干涉仪测试信号光单纵模线宽。所用F-P扫描干涉仪的精细度为156,腔长0.1mm~100mm连续可调,对应自由光谱区1.5GHz~1500GHz和频率分辨率9.65MHz~9650MHz[20]图 4是激光器稳定在单纵模工作状态下的测量结果,对应单纵模的线宽约为70MHz。使用分辨率为0.35nm的AvaSpec-3648型光谱仪分别对种子光和信号光进行测量,测量结果如图 5所示。由测量结果可看出, 输出信号光的中心波长为1064nm,经MOPA结构放大后,信号光的特性没有明显变化。

    Figure 4.  Single longtitude mode by F-P scanning interferometer

    Figure 5.  Spectrum of seed light and signal light

3.   结论
  • 构建了一个两级放大的MOPA结构,通过优化抽运源参量、光纤长度和纤芯直径,在保持种子光单频特性的基础上,实现了单频窄线宽放大。在一级放大抽运功率6.8W、二级放大抽运功率85W时,得到了42W信号光输出。由于合光器自身损耗,光纤熔接损耗及增益光纤对抽运光吸收不彻底等原因,光光转换效率约49.4%。实验中没有观察到非线性效应,继续提高抽运光的功率,有望获得更高的1064nm信号光输出,所得的结果为下一步开展窄线宽LD种子源放大提供了依据。

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