半导体量子点量子光源研究进展

徐强; 谢修敏; 张伟; 袁菲; 胡卫英; 邓杰; 赵新华; 宋海智

doi:10.7510/jgjs.issn.1001-3806.2020.05.009

半导体量子点量子光源研究进展

1.
西南技术物理研究所，成都 610041
2.
电子科技大学基础与前沿研究院，成都 610054

作者简介: 徐强(1990-)，男，工程师，现主要从事量子光学和光电探测器的研究。E-mail:578196187@qq.com.

基金项目:

四川省科技厅应用基础重点研究资助项目 2018JY0084
中图分类号: O472

The progress of semiconductor quantum dot based quantum emitter

1.
Southwest Institute of Technical Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
2.
Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
CLC number: O472

摘要: 半导体量子点被认为是制备量子光源的最佳方案。量子点量子光源的可控性、纯度、亮度、全同性和相干性都有了很大的提高，已接近于应用水平。归纳了基于半导体量子点的量子光源研究进展中的关键问题，指出了半导体量子点量子光源在3个方面的主要进展，并讨论了关键制备技术，即半导体量子点作为单光子光源，实现了高全同性、高纯度、高收集效率等特性; 通过降低精细结构分裂效应等措施，量子点量子光源实现了具有高比特率、高保真度特性的光子纠缠; 量子点量子光源与平面电子线路和纳米光子系统的芯片集成取得了显著成效。在此基础上，对半导体量子点量子光源在量子信息领域的研究前景进行了展望。
- 量子光学 /
- 量子光源 /
- 半导体量子点 /
- 单光子源 /
- 纠缠源 /
- 片上集成
Abstract: Quantum emitters serve as the building blocks of quantum network, connecting quantum computing, quantum communication and quantum metrology. Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are widely considered as the best candidate for quantum emitters. By a decade of effort, the controllability, purity, brightness, indistinguishability, and coherence of QD emitters are greatly improved so that they are much closer to the application level. In this paper, the scientific and technological development of quantum emitters based on QDs were reviewed. Firstly, QD-based single photon sources have achieved indistinguishability of near unity, high purity, and high extraction efficiency. Secondly, QD-based entangled photon emitters have achieved high bit rate, high entanglement fidelity by improvements such as eliminating fine structure splitting. Thirdly, remarkable development has been made towards on-chip integration of QD emitters into planar circuits and nano-photonic systems. It turns out that quantum emitters based on semiconductor QDs are greatly potential to be applied in quantum information processing systems in the near future.
- quantum optics /
- quantum emitters /
- semiconductor quantum dots /
- single photon source /
- entanglement source /
- on-chip integration
图 1 SOMASCHI等人制造的电控单光子源^[32]

a—装置示意图b—光学显微镜图像

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图 2 LI等人研究的多层超材料纳米结构^[50]

a—多层结构和多层光栅的原理图b—和扫描电子显微镜结果

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图 3 FENG等人制备的室温胶体量子点单光子源^[58]

a—将单量子点进行光激发b—量子点的光致发光图像c—Hanbury-Brwon-Twiss反聚束实验

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图 4 HÖFER等人工作中的器件结构和测量结果^[80]

a—装置结构b—单一量子点的典型频谱c—偏振振荡显示有限精细结构分裂效应d—偏振振荡揭示FSS最小大约2μeV e—生长样品的FSS分布统计

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图 5 HUBER等人的研究^[93]

a—横截面3维视图b—样本结构示意图c—自动荧光显微镜的俯视图d—显微光致发光光谱e—共振双光子激发下该相同量子点的发光谱

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图 6 a—LEE等人的实验设置结构图^[98] b—量子点微柱系统置于磁场中c—单空穴电荷量子点在Voigt场中的量子态和允许的跃迁选择

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图 7 ELSHAARI等人制作的混合光量子电路示意图^[112]

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图 8 YUAN等人对GaAs量子点进行发射能量调谐^[119]

a—驱动装置示意图b—装置侧面图c—用于增加单轴拉伸应力的GaAs量子点的归一化光致发光光谱

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图 9 SCHNAUBER等人工作中的集成结构和实验数据^[127]

a~d—现场电子束光刻可视化示意图e—EBL制版前的化学发光图f—含有量子点的全处理波导的伪彩色扫描电镜图像g—样品制版加工后的量子点化学发光图

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引言

量子信息处理技术正在快速发展并将成为未来信息网络的核心技术。量子信息处理系统可以由超导体、光子、电子等多种物理体系构成^[1]。在利用光学和光子元件的系统中，量子光源是量子通信^[2]、量子计算^[3]和量子测量^[4-5]等多种量子应用领域的基本构件。光量子技术需要高效的、按需发射的、高度全同的单光子源或者光子纠缠源^[6]。自发参量下转换虽然提供了很高全同性的光子，但其亮度较低、可扩展性较差。因此，具有纳米结构的固体光子源，如半导体量子点或金刚石色心等的发展受到了人们的广泛关注^[7]。半导体量子点具有类似于单个原子系统的离散量子态，因此拥有巨大的潜力被用作优良的量子光源^[8]。目前，半导体量子点是性能最好的光子产生系统，几乎所有物理特性都具有很高的品质，如光子产生率高、光学相干性好、光谱可调谐范围广等^[9]。最重要的是，量子点作为按需纠缠光子对的最有前途的候选源，在未来的量子信息系统中具有广阔的应用前景^[10-13]。基于量子点的半导体量子光源在近20年来得到了广泛而深入的研究，基于量子点的量子光源被用于制备自旋光子纠缠、量子密钥分发、量子态转移和量子中继器^[14-19]，在构建量子网络中发挥了重要作用。特别是近年来，量子点量子光源的发展比以往有了更大的进步^[20-22]。

本文中从基于量子点的单光子光源、基于量子点的纠缠光源以及量子点量子光源的片上集成3个方面综述了量子点量子光源的研究进展。

4. 结束语

半导体量子点被认为是量子光源的最佳选择，本文中综述了近年来基于半导体量子点的量子光源的科学和技术进展。基于量子点的单光子源已经实现了近乎完美的全同性，纯度达到10^-3量级，收集效率接近70%；即使在通信频段，其亮度也得到了大大提升；等离子体及其相关纳米结构开始在改善量子点单光子发射源方面发挥重要作用；量子点单光子源的室温工作和电驱动已不再是一项艰巨的任务，甚至可以实现远程量子点量子光源之间的关联。基于半导体量子点的纠缠光源进展很大，量子比特率已高达10kHz；原位生长等技术大大改善了量子点的整体对称性，使纠缠保真度达到0.94；半导体量子点的多光子纠缠已经成为现实。量子点被进一步证明是量子信息处理中最好的按需、纠缠、片上集成的量子光源。量子点量子光源已经实现了与在电子、光子芯片上的集成；通过集成，量子点量子光源实现了与其它器件的量子交互；原位控制和片上电驱动技术进步很大，解决了实现全片上量子集成的关键工艺。研究进展表明了量子点量子光源在量子信息领域的良好应用前景。

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半导体量子点量子光源研究进展

作者简介: 徐强(1990-)，男，工程师，现主要从事量子光学和光电探测器的研究。E-mail:578196187@qq.com.

The progress of semiconductor quantum dot based quantum emitter

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半导体量子点量子光源研究进展

作者简介: 徐强(1990-)，男，工程师，现主要从事量子光学和光电探测器的研究。E-mail:578196187@qq.com

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The progress of semiconductor quantum dot based quantum emitter

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半导体量子点量子光源研究进展

作者简介: 徐强(1990-)，男，工程师，现主要从事量子光学和光电探测器的研究。E-mail:578196187@qq.com.

The progress of semiconductor quantum dot based quantum emitter

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半导体量子点量子光源研究进展

作者简介: 徐强(1990-)，男，工程师，现主要从事量子光学和光电探测器的研究。E-mail:578196187@qq.com

English Abstract

The progress of semiconductor quantum dot based quantum emitter

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